Fizyoloji

Question 1

Tüm dünyada en sık inflamatuar tip diyareye neden olan bakteriler nelerdir?

Answer 1

I. Salmonella
II. EIEC
III. Shigella
IV. Campylobacter jejuni
V. Yersinia enterocolitica

a) I, II, IV
b) I, III, V
c) I, III, IV
d) II, III, V
e) II, III, IV

Question 2

Campylobacter’in gram özellikleri nedir?

Answer 2

Gram-negatif basil; virgül, S, veya “martı kanadı” şeklinde.

Question 3

Campylobacter’in hareket tarzı nasıldır?

Answer 3

Tek polar kamçı ile hareketli; hareketi fırlatma/fırlama tarzda.

Question 4

Campylobacter hangi ortamda üremektedir?

Answer 4

Mikroaerofilik (düşük oksijen) ortamda (5% O2, 10% CO2, 85% N2).

Question 5

Campylobacter’in termofilik özellikleri nelerdir?

Answer 5

42-43 °C’de üreyen bir bakteridir; C. fetus hariç.

Question 6

Campylobacter’in insanlara bulaş yolları nelerdir?

Answer 6

Kontamine gıdalarla, pastörize edilmemiş süt veya kontamine su ile bulaşır.

Question 7

Campylobacter’in patogenezinde hangi faktörler rol oynar?

Answer 7

Endotoksin, kamçı, adezinler, invazinler, enterotoksinler, sitopatik toksinler.

Question 8

Campylobacter’in klinik belirtileri nelerdir?

Answer 8

Akut, kanlı ishal; karın ağrısı; akut apendisit benzeri tablo.

Question 9

Campylobacter’in tanı yöntemleri nelerdir?

Answer 9

Dışkı örneği toplanmalı, mikroskobik inceleme ve kültür yapılmalıdır.

Question 10

Campylobacter kültürü için gerekli ortam nasıldır?

Answer 10

Azaltılmış O2 (5% O2) ve CO2 (10% CO2) ile 42 °C’de inkübe edilmelidir.

Question 11

Helicobacter pylori’nin özellikleri nelerdir?

Answer 11

Gram negatif, spiral şeklinde, hareketli; üreaz aktivitesi pozitif.

Question 12

Helicobacter pylori’nin virulans faktörleri nelerdir?

Answer 12

Üreaz, asit inhibitör protein, flagella, adezin, sitotoksin.

Question 13

Helicobacter pylori’nin neden olduğu klinik durumlar nelerdir?

Answer 13

Gastrit, gastrik ülser, gastrik adenokarsinom, gastrik MALT lenfoma.

Question 14

What is gastrit?

Answer 14

Gastrit is an inflammation of the stomach lining.

Question 15

What is gastrik ülser?

Answer 15

Gastrik ülser refers to gastric ulcers, which are sores on the stomach lining.

Question 16

What is gastrik adenokarsinom?

Answer 16

Gastrik adenokarsinom is a type of cancer that originates in the stomach lining.

Question 17

What is gastrik MALT lenfoma?

Answer 17

Gastrik MALT lenfoma is a type of lymphoma that affects the stomach’s mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.

Question 18

What are the two main categories of cancer pathogenesis?

Answer 18

The two main categories are those related to bacteria and those related to the host.

Question 19

What are some bacterial factors in cancer pathogenesis?

Answer 19

Bacterial factors include Cag A, Vag A, and Oip A.

Question 20

What are some host-related factors in cancer pathogenesis?

Answer 20

Host-related factors include IL 1β, TNF, and human leukocyte antigen class II.

Question 21

What are environmental factors in cancer pathogenesis?

Answer 21

Environmental factors include smoking and excessive salt intake.

Question 22

What is polymorphism in the context of cancer susceptibility?

Answer 22

Polymorphism refers to genetic variations that occur at a frequency greater than 1% in a population.

Question 23

What is the role of inflammation in cancer pathogenesis?

Answer 23

Inflammation may initiate carcinogenesis by increasing free radicals, apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and cell proliferation.

Question 24

What is the role of Helicobacter Pylori in epidemiology?

Answer 24

Helicobacter Pylori is a significant factor in the development of gastric diseases.

Question 25

What are the two main groups of tests used for diagnosing Helicobacter Pylori?

Answer 25

The two main groups are invasive tests and non-invasive tests.

Question 26

What are some examples of invasive tests for Helicobacter Pylori?

Answer 26

Examples include culture, rapid urease test, and histological examination.

Question 27

What are some examples of non-invasive tests for Helicobacter Pylori?

Answer 27

Examples include serological tests and the urea breath test.

Question 28

What is considered the gold standard for diagnosing H. pylori-related gastritis?

Answer 28

Culture and histological staining of biopsy samples are considered the gold standard.

Question 29

What are the laboratory identification criteria for Helicobacter Pylori?

Answer 29

Criteria include oxidase and catalase positivity, urease activity, and nitrate reduction.

Question 30

What is the treatment regimen for Helicobacter Pylori?

Answer 30

The treatment includes a beta-lactam antibiotic, a macrolide antibiotic, and proton pump inhibitors.

Question 31

What is the goal of the treatment for Helicobacter Pylori?

Answer 31

The goal is to eradicate H. pylori.

Question 32

What is the quadruple therapy if eradication is not achieved?

Answer 32

Quadruple therapy includes lansoprazole, bismuth citrate, tetracycline, and metronidazole.