Flaccid Dysarthria

Question 1

What are speech characteristics of flaccid dysarthria?

Answer 1

monopitch; monoloudness; audible inspiration; nasal emission; imprecise consonant production; breathiness; hypernasality; harsh voice; short phrases

Question 2

What causes flaccid dysarthriaS?

Answer 2

LMN damage

Question 3

What are LMNs?

Answer 3

motor neurons that send information from the UMN to the muscles; they originate in the brain stem and spinal cord

Question 4

What are the main clinical characteristics of LMN damage?

Answer 4

hypotonia; weakness of movements; diminished reflexes

Question 5

What is the most common etiology of flaccid dysarthrias?

Answer 5

Degenerative diseases (e.g., ALS, MS)

Question 6

What are causes of motor neuron disorders that affect the cell body?

Answer 6

stroke; tumor; degenerative disease; viral infection (poliomyelitis)

Question 7

Which degenerative disease affects the spinal lower motor neurons?

Answer 7

progressive (spinal) muscular atrophy

Question 8

Which degenerative disease affects the cranial lower motor neurons?

Answer 8

progressive bulbar palsy

Question 9

Which degenerative disease affects both UMNs and LMNs?

Answer 9

ALS (Amylotropic Lateral Sclerosis)

Question 10

What are the symptoms of a nerve cell body disorder?

Answer 10

fasciculations, atrophy, weakness, reduced or lost reflexes, reduced muscle tone

Question 11

What is a peripheral nerve disorder?

Answer 11

disorder affecting the axons and myelin of the peripheral nerve

Question 12

What are causes of a peripheral nerve disorder?

Answer 12

nutritional issues (e.g., alcoholism and vitamin deficiency); carcinomas; trauma; immunologic diseases (e.g., HIV, lyme, and leprosy); genetic disease; metabolic diseases (e.g., diabetes and hypothyroidism) ; toxins (e.g., lead and mercury) ; drugs (nitrous oxide)

Question 13

What are clinical symptoms of a peripheral nerve disorder?

Answer 13

sensory loss and no fasciculations

Question 14

What are clinical symptoms of a muscle disorder?

Answer 14

weakness, atrophy, and myotonia (cannot relax a muscle after contracting it)

Question 15

What type of disorder is myasthenia gravis?

Answer 15

a neuromuscular junction disorder that affects postsynaptic processes

Question 16

What is a neuromuscular junction disorder?

Answer 16

a disorder that affects pre or post-synaptic processes

Question 17

What are causes of a neuromuscular junction disorder?

Answer 17

autoimmune disorders and toxins

Question 18

An autoimmune disorder that disrupts presynaptic processes and causes NMJ disorder is

Answer 18

Eaton-Lambert disease

Question 19

A toxin that affects presynaptic processes and causes NMJ disorder is

Answer 19

botulinum

Question 20

A toxin that affects postsynaptic processes and causes NMJ disorder is

Answer 20

snake venom

Question 21

What is myasthenia gravis?

Answer 21

an autoimmune disorder which destroys Ach receptors; thus muscles contract less because they do not have enough receptors for Ach to bind to

Question 22

What are clinical symptoms of myastenia gravis?

Answer 22

No atrophy; no fasciculations; facial weakness; no loss of reflexes; droopy eyelid; more than one longitudinal fissure down the tongue

Question 23

What are muscle disorders characterized as?

Answer 23

diseases of muscle tissue that are chronic and worsen over time

Question 24

What can focal flaccid dysarthria result in?

Answer 24

facial palsy, masticator palsy, palatopharyngeal palsy, laryngeal palsy - flaccid dysphonia, Hypoglossal palsy; respiratory weakness

Question 25

The temporal branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscles?

Answer 25

frontalis, orbicularis oculi, and corrugator supercili

Question 26

The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscle?

Answer 26

orbicularis oris

Question 27

The cervical branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscle?

Answer 27

platysma

Question 28

The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscles?

Answer 28

mentalis, levator labii inferioris, depressor angular oris

Question 29

The buccal branch of the facial nerve innervates which muscles?

Answer 29

levator labii superioris alaquae nasi; levator labii superioris; levator angular oris; zygomatic major and minor, risorius; depressor angular oris; depressor labii inferioris

Question 30

What are the most distinctive speech features of flaccid dysarthria?

Answer 30

hypernasality, breathiness, nasal emission, audible inspiration

Question 31

What are other speech features of flaccid dysarthria?

Answer 31

imprecise consonants, monopitch, monoloudness, harsh voice, and short phrases

Question 32

What are symptoms of hypoglossal palsy?

Answer 32

tongue gets weaker and atrophy occurs; swallowing issues; imprecise consonants, particularly lingual-palatal sounds

Question 33

What are symptoms of unilateral damage associated with hypoglossal palsy?

Answer 33

tongue deviates to the weak side when it protrudes

Question 34

What are symptoms of bilateral damage associated with hypoglossal palsy?

Answer 34

tongue moves much less

Question 35

What are speech symptoms of laryngeal palsy?

Answer 35

breathy phonation, shorter phrases, longer pauses, whispy tone of voice, slow rate of speech, reduced loudness, prosody issues

Question 36

What are symptoms of unilateral damage associated with laryngeal palsy?

Answer 36

one VF does not move as much towards the midline or does not move at all; reduced coughing and aspiration issues

Question 37

What are nonspeech symptoms of facial palsy?

Answer 37

eyebrows lower and fail to rise, drooling, less strength when closing lips, flat nasolabial fold, reduced forehead wrinkling; mouth droops and does not rise when smiling

Question 38

What are nonspeech symptoms of unilateral masticator palsy?

Answer 38

may complain of issues chewing; may only see symptoms during jaw testing

Question 39

What are nonspeech symptoms of bilateral masticator palsy?

Answer 39

jaw may sag open; drooling; chewing and swallowing issues

Question 40

What are nonspeech features of unilateral palatopharyngeal palsy?

Answer 40

weak side of palate hangs lower at rest; moves to the stronger side when soft palate is raised

Question 41

What are nonspeech features of bilateral palatopharyngeal palsy?

Answer 41

liquids come out the nose; palate is lower but symmetrical; absent or diminished gag reflex; less elevation or no elevation at all

Question 42

What branch of the vagus nerve is damaged in laryngeal palsy?

Answer 42

recurrent laryngeal branch

Question 43

What branch of the vagus nerve is damaged in palatopharyngeal palsy?

Answer 43

pharyngeal branch

Question 44

What are symptoms of bilateral laryngeal palsy?

Answer 44

both vocal folds do not move or may weak contact; this restricts the airway and requires a tracheostomy

Question 45

What four parts of the LMN could be effected and cause flaccid dysarthria or LMN damage?

Answer 45

nerve cell body, peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, and the muscle

Question 46

What branches innervate orbicularis oculi?

Answer 46

temporal and zygomatic branches

Question 47

What is the function of the orbicularis oculi?

Answer 47

closes your eyes when you blink or squink

Question 48

What branches innervate the corrugator supercilli?

Answer 48

temporal branch

Question 49

What is the function of the corrugator supercili?

Answer 49

draws eyebrows together

Question 50

What is the function of the frontalis belly of the epicraneus?

Answer 50

muscle of the scalp that raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead

Question 51

What is the function of the occipitalis belly of the epicraneus?

Answer 51

fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly

Question 52

What branch of the facial nerve innervates the frontalis belly?

Answer 52

temporal branch

Question 53

What branch of the facial nerve innervates the occipitalis belly?

Answer 53

posterior auricular branch

Question 54

The problem with flaccid dysarthria is ______

Answer 54

neuromuscular execution