flahscard 11

Question 1

What analytes are included in liver function tests (LFTs) as listed in the tutorial?

Answer 1

Total protein (serum), albumin, globulins, albumin-to-globulin ratio (A/G ratio), protein electrophoresis, urine protein, bilirubin (direct + indirect = total), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).

Question 2

Which enzyme family is responsible for conjugating bilirubin in hepatocytes?

Answer 2

UDP-glucuronosyltransferases catalyze the glucuronidation of bilirubin.

Question 3

List the types of diabetes mellitus and related conditions specified in the tutorial.

Answer 3

Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA), and diabetes insipidus.

Question 4

What is the normal fasting blood glucose range according to the tutorial?

Answer 4

A normal fasting blood glucose is 4–6 mM.

Question 5

What fasting blood glucose concentration defines hyperglycemia in the context of diabetes diagnosis?

Answer 5

A high fasting blood glucose is defined as greater than 11 mM.

Question 6

What fasting blood glucose level indicates hypoglycemia according to the tutorial?

Answer 6

A low fasting blood glucose is defined as less than 4 mM.

Question 7

Which laboratory measurement reflects average blood glucose over the preceding 8–12 weeks?

Answer 7

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA₁c) measures long-term glycemic control.