Flash Cards
1
Q
What is Bradycardia?
A
A heart rate lower than 60 bpm
Bradycardia can indicate underlying health issues.
2
Q
What is Tachycardia?
A
A heart rate higher than 100 bpm
Tachycardia can lead to serious complications if persistent.
3
Q
What are Atria?
A
The top two chambers of the heart that receive blood from other parts of the body
4
Q
What are Ventricles?
A
Bottom two chambers of the heart that supply purified blood to the other parts of the body; larger and thicker than atria
5
Q
How many main valves are in the heart?
A
Four main valves
6
Q
What is the Cardiac Cycle?
A
Cyclic flow of blood through the heart, valves, and vessels to and from the body
7
Q
What occurs during Diastole?
A
Period of heart relaxation; the flow of blood is passive and only due to gravity
8
Q
What occurs during Systole?
A
Period of heart contraction; the flow of blood is faster due to force of contraction
9
Q
What do Arteries do?
A
Carry blood away from the heart
10
Q
What do Veins do?
A
Carry blood to the heart
11
Q
What is Stroke Volume?
A
Amount of blood pumped by left ventricle of the heart per single heartbeat; normal value is 60–80 ml/beat
12
Q
What is Heart Rate?
A
Number of heart contractions per minute, measured in beats per minute (bpm)
13
Q
How is Cardiac Output calculated?
A
Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute; calculated by multiplying stroke volume and heart rate; normal value is 4–8 liters
14
Q
What are Dysrhythmias?
A
Disorganized or abnormal heartbeats or irregular heart rate
15
Q
What is Hypertension?
A
Increased blood pressure over a certain period of time; normal BP = 120/80 mmHg
16
Q
What is Hyperlipidemia?
A
Increase in cholesterol; typically LDL (low-density lipoproteins) > 100
17
Q
What are Vasoconstrictors?
A
Medications or agents that cause blood vessels to constrict
18
Q
What are Vasodilators?
A
Medications or agents that cause blood vessels to dilate
19
Q
What is Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)?
A
Measurement of blood pressure during systole or the period of ventricle contraction; the highest exerted pressure on the arterial wall
20
Q
What is Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)?
A
Measurement of blood pressure during diastole or relaxation period; the lowest exerted pressure on arterial wall
21
Q
What are Coronary Arteries?
A
Arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart itself
22
Q
What is Ischemia?
A
A lack of oxygen due to an obstruction significant enough to deprive heart muscles of oxygen
23
Q
What is Angina?
A
Chest pain that’s caused by ischemia or lack of oxygen
24
Q
What is Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?
A
Occurs when a rupturing of plaque results in a blood clot in the coronary arteries
25
What is Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)?
Condition in which complete obstruction of the coronary artery results in death of the heart muscle
26
What is the Hematologic System?
The composition, formation, and transportation of blood; also, blood’s functions within the body
27
What are Erythrocytes?
A type of blood cell; also called red blood cells or RBCs
28
What are Leukocytes?
A type of blood cell; also called white blood cells or WBCs
29
What are Thrombocytes?
A type of blood cell; also called platelets
30
What is Plasma?
The liquid portion of blood
31
What is Coagulation?
The process of blood clotting
32
What is Hematopoiesis?
Formation of blood cells in the bone marrow
33
What is Anemia?
Low levels of red blood cells in the blood
34
What is Leukemia?
A type of cancer that results in abnormal production of white blood cells
35
What is Thrombocytopenia?
A platelet disorder characterized by an abnormally low level of platelets in the blood
36
What is Neutropenia?
A condition where neutrophil count is abnormally low in blood
37
What does DVT stand for?
Deep vein thrombosis; condition of having blood clots in deep veins, such as lower extremities
38
What is Respiratory Rate?
The number of breaths a person takes over a certain amount of time
39
What is Breathing?
The act of inhaling and exhaling air via the nose or mouth
40
What is Inhalation?
The act of pulling air in during breathing
41
What is Exhalation?
The act of releasing air out during breathing
42
What is Inspiration?
The act of movement of air into the lungs
43
What is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)?
The act of providing mechanical compressions of the chest cavity and artificial ventilation to restore circulation and breathing in an emergency situation
44
What does Contagious mean?
Easily transmitted or spread from one person to another
45
What is Congestion?
A tightening or inflammation of the airways that causes labored breathing
46
What is Inflammation?
Another name for swelling
47
What is a Vaccine?
A biological preparation or medication that provides immunity against a specific disease-causing pathogen
48
What is Vaccination?
The act of administering vaccine
49
What is Immunity?
The body's ability to produce antibodies against foreign pathogens
50
What is a Hormone?
A chemical messenger produced by various glands that directs and controls various body functions
51
What is Metabolism?
The set of various processes happening in the body cells to produce energy and eliminate waste
52
What is a Negative Feedback System?
A body system that monitors hormone levels and triggers more hormone production if it detects a low hormone level
53
What is a Stimulus?
An agent, act, or environmental effect that triggers the body to respond in a certain way
54
What is Hyposecretion?
Decreased secretions of certain hormones within the body
55
What does Radioactive mean?
Emitting radiation
56
What is an Electrolyte?
A substance that breaks up into ions when dissolved in water
57
What is a Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI)?
A device filled with medication that’s used to administer a fixed amount of medication per inhalation through the mouth
58
What is an Autoimmune Disease?
A disease in which the body produces an immune response that acts against the body itself
59
What is Digestion?
The process of physical and chemical breakdown of food
60
What is Peristalsis?
The process of contraction and relaxation of muscles to move food along the gastrointestinal tract
61
What is the Peritoneal Cavity?
The hollow space present between the parietal (outer) and visceral (inner) peritoneum membranes
62
What is an Antihypertensive?
A medication used to treat hypertension or blood pressure
63
What is Uremia?
A condition in which excess amounts of urea and other nitrogenous end products of protein metabolism are found in the blood
64
What is Urea?
One of the main nitrogen-containing waste chemicals in the urine
65
What does Posterior mean?
Toward the back or near the back of the body; opposite of the anterior
66
What is a Pint?
A measure of a liquid volume; equal to 16 ounces
67
What is Filtrate?
The liquid or fluid that has passed through a filter
68
What is a Sphincter?
The circular muscles surrounding body openings that contract and relax
69
What is the Pelvic Cavity?
The body cavity surrounded by bones of the pelvis; contains reproductive organs, urinary system organs, and the rectum
70
What is Spermatogenesis?
The process of sperm production by the male germ cells
71
What is a Contraindication?
A condition in which a drug should be avoided because it may cause harm in a specific situation
72
What is Gangrene?
A life-threatening condition that results from the death of cells and tissues, usually occurring from a lack of blood supply to the affected cells
73
What is Ejaculation?
The process of semen discharge from the penis during sexual activity
74
What is Atrophy?
The wasting away of a part of your body due to illness or a failure to grow
75
What does Peripheral mean?
Organs or body parts that are situated away from the center of the body
76
What is Keratin?
A non-soluble hard protein found in the outermost layer of the skin, nails, and hair
77
What are Melanocytes?
Cells that produce melanin
78
What is Melanin?
Dark brown or black pigment that gives color to your skin, hair, and eyes
79
What is a Scab?
The hardening of the skin surface after wound healing
80
What is Erosion?
The process of wearing away or wasting away of the skin surface, usually due to pressure and friction
81
What is a Retinoid?
The class of medications that are derivatives of Vitamin A and are used to treat certain skin diseases due to their ability to regulate skin cell growth
82
What is an Immunosuppressant?
Medications that suppress or decrease the effectiveness of your body’s immune response
83
What is Cartilage?
A firm, flexible, and elastic connective tissue that connects many tissues and organs in your body
84
What are Ligaments?
Dense bands of connective tissue that connect bones to bones at joints
85
What is a Tendon?
A dense band of connective tissue that connects bones to muscles
86
What is Necrosis?
The premature death of the living cells or tissues resulting from irreversible damage
87
What is Amputation?
The surgical process of removing a diseased or necrotic limb or part of a limb
88
What does Asymptomatic mean?
A disease that has no apparent symptoms
89
What are Antineoplastic medications?
Medications used to treat cancer; also referred to as chemotherapy medications
90
What are Receptors?
Cells, molecules, or nerve endings that react to produce a particular effect in response to a specific environmental stimulus
91
What is a Biconvex lens?
A type of lens that’s convex on both sides, meaning it bulges out on both sides
92
What is the Olfactory Nerve?
The nerve that carries the sense of smell from the nose to the brain
93
What are Meninges?
Three membranes beneath the bone coverings that envelop the brain and spinal cord
94
What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?
A colorless fluid present in the brain and spine that provides physical and chemical protection to these organs
95
What is Motor Activity?
The movement of muscles in response to a signal from the brain or spinal cord
96
What are Motor Nerves?
Nerves that carry a nerve impulse from the brain to various body organs
97
What are Sensory Nerves?
Nerves that carry a nerve impulse from sensory organs to the brain
98
What is the Cerebral Cortex?
The outermost layer of the nerve tissue in the cerebrum
99
What are Neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
100
What is Paralysis?
The total loss of muscle and nerve function in the affected area of the body
101
What is a Convulsion?
The abnormal involuntary contractions of the muscles that result in uncontrolled shakiness and jerky movements of limbs
102
What is a Hallucination?
A mental illness of perceiving senses of hearing, vision, and smell without the presence of real stimuli
103
What is a Pathogen?
Any microorganism, such as bacteria, virus, and fungi, that is capable of causing disease
104
What is an Antigen?
A molecule or protein that is capable of triggering an immune response to produce antibodies
105
What is an Antibody?
A specialized immune protein produced mainly by the plasma cells in response to an antigen
106
What is a Vaccine?
A type of medication that is manufactured as an antigen of disease-causing microorganisms
107
What is Immunosuppression?
A phenomenon of decreased or total lack of your body’s immune response
108
What are Lymphocytes?
Types of leukocytes or white blood cells responsible for developing immune response; classified into T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells)
109
What is an Inhibitor?
An agent or drug that interferes with a chemical reaction to reduce or hinder the activity of another agent or enzyme
110
What is Resistance in pathogens?
A phenomenon of a pathogen to adapt to the medication used for the treatment
111
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
112
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
113
What is Apoptosis?
A self-regulated normal process of cell death in your body
114
What is Chemotherapy?
Medications used for the treatment of cancer
115
What is a Pharmacologist?
A scientist who studies all aspects of drugs including their origins, functions, chemistry, effects, and uses
116
What is Absorption?
The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood
117
What is a Chemical Name?
A long name of the chemical composition of the drug
118
What is a Legend Drug?
A drug that can be distributed only by prescription
119
What is the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR)?
A compilation of information on FDA-approved prescription and over-the-counter drugs
120
What is a Package Insert?
A copy of a drug monograph that accompanies the drug in its package
121
What is the Percutaneous Route?
The application of medications to the skin and mucous membranes as topical preparations
122
What is the Parenteral Route?
The administration of medications by injection
123
What is a DEA Number?
A number that allows the provider to write prescriptions for controlled substances
124
What is a Medication Order?
The order of a medication by a physician for a patient while the patient is in the hospital
125
What is the Metric System?
The system of decimal measurement based on three basic units of measure: meters, grams, and liters
126
What is a Cubic Centimeter (cm3)?
The measurement of volume of a cube that measures 1 centimeter on each side
127
What are Grain (gr) and Minim (min)?
Two divisions of measurement in the apothecary system
128
What is the Minimum Dose?
The smallest amount of a medication that would have any effect
129
What is Compliance?
The degree to which a patient follows the directions of his or her healthcare providers
130
What is a Dermatologist?
A doctor who diagnoses and treats diseases of the skin
131
What is a Gastroenterologist?
A doctor who specializes in the treatment of disorders of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and lower bowel
132
What is a Pediatrician?
A doctor who specializes in treating children from birth through puberty
133
What is a Geriatrician?
Physician who specializes in healthcare for older patients, generally those who are over the age of 65
