Flash Cards
(205 cards)
1
Q
CAUSES OF CONDUCTION DEAFNESS
A
Caused by a bone defect in the ear, fluid built up in ear, ear wax, and nerve damage (rare)
2
Q
CAUSES OF SYMPTOMS OF ADDISON’S DISEASE
A
Adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones (skin of these patients is bronze, metallic)
3
Q
CHARACTERISTICS ABOUT LIGHT AND VISION
A
What part of the eye is used for peripheral vision a.Rods What is more sensitive to night vision a.Rods What are cones needed for a.Color sensitivity What part of the eye controls the amount of light that enters a.Iris
4
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE
A
Allow for stretch and recoil
5
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBROCARTILAGE
A
Thick bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through it matrix. Slightly compressible and very tough. Found in areas of the body where great deal of pressure is applied to joints (ex. knee, jaw, between vertebrae)
6
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF HYALINE CARTILAGE
A
Contains large amounts of both collagen fibers and proteoglycans. Found where strong support ad some flexibility are needed (ex. rib cage, within trachea and bronchi)
7
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEURONS
A
Amitotic (do not divide), born with a set amount, long life span, require a lot of energy, conduct impulses
8
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
A
Lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol; functions as the outer boundary of cells, controls entry and exit of substances
9
Q
CHEMICALS IN THE HUMAN BODY
A
Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium.
10
Q
COMPARISION OF CARDIAC, SMOOTH AND SKELETAL MUSCLES
A
Cardiac Muscle: found only in the heart, controlled involuntarily Smooth Muscle: most widely distributed type of muscle in body; found in walls of hollow organs and tubes, interior of the eye, and walls of blood vessels Skeletal Muscle: made up of connective tissue; responsible for locomotion, facial expressions, posture, respiratory function, and many other body movements
11
Q
DEFINE AFFERENT NERVES
A
Carries to the CNS
12
Q
DEFINE EFFERENT NERVES
A
Carries away from the CNS
13
Q
DEFINE ENDOMYSIUM
A
Thick layer of connective tissue consisting mostly of reticular fibers
14
Q
DEFINE GANGLIA
A
Collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS
15
Q
DEFINE HAVERSIAN CANALS
A
Canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue and running parallel to the long axis of the bone
16
Q
DEFINE LACUNAE
A
Small space or cavity; potential space within the matrix of bone or cartilage normally occupied by a cell that can be visualized only when the cell shrinks away from the matrix during fixation; space containing maternal blood within the placenta
17
Q
DEFINE MIXED NERVES
A
Carry somatic and autonomic (visceral) impulses. The four types of mixed nerves are: *Somatic afferent and somatic efferent *Visceral afferent and visceral efferent
18
Q
DEFINE MONOSACCHARIDE
A
Simple sugar carbohydrate that cannot form any simpler sugar by hydrolysis
19
Q
DEFINE MOTOR NERVES
A
Carries away from the CNS but only stimulates skeletal muscle
20
Q
DEFINE MYOFIBRIL
A
Made up of myofilaments, contractile unit of the muscle
21
Q
DEFINE MYOFILIAMENT
A
Thick and thin part of the muscle fiber
22
Q
DEFINE NERVE TRACTS
A
Bundles of parallel axons with their associated sheaths in the ventral nervous system
23
Q
DEFINE NERVES
A
Bundle of axons and their sheaths
24
Q
DEFINE NUCLEI
A
Cell organelle containing most of the genetic material of the cell; collection of nerve cell bodies within the central nervous system; center of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons
25
DEFINE NUCLEIC ACID
Polymer of nucleotides, consisting of DNA an RNA, forms a family of substances that comprise the genetic material of cells and control protein synthesis
26
DEFINE PERIMYSIUM
Fibrous sheath enveloping a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers
27
DEFINE PEROXISOMES
Membrane-bounded body similar to a lysosome in appearance but often smaller and irregular in shape; contains enzymes that either decompose or synthesize hydrogen peroxide
28
DEFINE POLYSACCHARIDE
Carbohydrate containing a large number of monosaccharide molecules
29
DEFINE PROTEINS
Macromolecule consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
30
DEFINE SARCOLEMMA
The membrane of the muscle fiber
31
DEFINE SARCOMERE
Part of a myofibril between adjacent Z disks
32
DEFINE SARCOPLAMIC RETICULUM
Stores and pumps calcium ions
33
DEFINE SPIMYSIUM
?????
34
DEFINE TRABECULAE
One of the supporting bundles of fibers traversing the substance of a structure, usually derived from the capsule or one of the fibrous septa, such as trabeculae lymph nodes, testes; a beam or plate of cancellous bone
35
DEFINE VOLCMANN'S CANALS
Canal in bone containing blood vessels; not surrounded by lamellae; runs perpendicular to the long axis of the bond and the haversian canals, interconnecting the latter with each other and the exterior circulation
36
DESCRIBE DESMOSOMES
Point of adhesion between cells. Each contains a dense plate at the point of adhesion and a cementing extra-cellular material between the cells
37
DESCRIBE GAP JUNCTIONS
Small channel between cells that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells; provides means of intercellular communication
38
DESCRIBE THE MAKE UP OF COMPACT BONE
Solis, with almost no space between many thin layers (lamelllae) of bone
39
DESCRIBE TIGHT JUNCTIONS
Hold cells together and form a permeability barrier. Formed by plasma membranes of adjacent cells that join one another in a jigsaw fashion to make a tight seal.
40
DISCUSS GOUTY ARTHRITIS
Group of metabolic disorders that lead to increased production and accumulation of uric acid crystals in tissues, including joint capsules; can lead to arthritis
41
DISCUSS HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
Body cells do not function normally and can even die. Disease disrupts homeostasis and sometimes results in death.
42
DISCUSS MOTION SICKNESS
A misinterpretation of the visual and the motion (vision is not matching the vestibule)
43
DISCUSS OSMOSIS
Diffusion of solvent (water) through a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution
44
DISCUSS PHAGOCYTOSIS
Cells's ingestion of solid substances, such as other cells, bacteria, bits of necrosed tissue, and foreign particles
45
DISCUSS SPASTIC PARALYSIS
Muscles contract and cannot relax which is followed by muscle fatigue
46
DISCUSS SURVIVAL NEEDS
?????
47
ELEMENTS FOR PROPER NERVE IMPULSES
?????
48
EXAMPLES OF COLLOID SOLUTION
-Plasma portion of blood -Liquid interior of cells (a mixture in which a dispersed (solute-like) substance is distributed throughout a dispersing (solvent-like) substance)
49
EXAMPLES OF DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS
A-P-P-P --\> A-P-P + Pi (ATP) (ADP) (Inorganic phosphate) -A larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more smaller products
50
EXAMPLES OF EXHANGE REACTIONS
-Exchange reactions are those in which cations and anions that were partners in the reactants are interchanged in the products
51
EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK
- Inadequate delivery of blood to cardiac muscle. Contrattion of cardiac muscle generates blood pressure and moves blood vessels on the outside of the heart supplies cardiac muscle with sufficient blood to allow normal contractions to occur. In effect, the heart pumps blood itself.
- Def: When a value deviates from normal, the system responds to make lthe deviation even greater.
52
EXAMPLES OF REVERSIBLE REACTIONS
CO2 + H2O ⇔ H2CO3 ⇔ H+ + HCO3-
The reaction can proceed from reactants to products or from products to reactants.
53
EXAMPLES OF SUSPENSION
Blood is a supsension - red blood ccells are suspended in a liquid called plasma
-Def: A mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless they are continually, physically blended together
54
EXAMPLES OF SYNTHESIS REACTION
- The combination of two amino acids to form a dipeptide. As the amino acids are bound together, water results.
- Def: When two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product
55
FIND SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIA
SIngle layer of tall, narrow cells. Located in glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, and ventricles of the brain.
56
FIND SIMPLE CUBODIAL EPITHELIA
Single layer of cube-shaped cells. Location in kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles fo the lungs, surfaces of the ovaries.
57
FIND SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIA
Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells. Located in the lining of blood vessels and the heart, lymphatic (endothelium) and small ducts, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules, lining of serous membbranes (mesothelium) of the body cavities (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal), and inner surface of the tympanic membranes.
58
FIND SIMPLE TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIA
Stratified cells that appear cub-shaped when the organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ or tube is stretchd by fluid. Located in the lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra.
59
FOUR ELEMENTS IN HUMAN BODY
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen
60
FUNCTION OF AQUEOUS HUMOR
Helps maintain intraocular pressure in the eye
61
FUNCTION OF CERUMINOUS GLANDS
Produce cerumen (a modified sebum commonly called earwax)
62
FUNCTION OF COCHLEA
Functions in hearing
63
FUNCTION OF COMPACT BONE
Provides great strength and support; forms a solid outer shell on bones tat keeps them from being easily broken or punctured
64
FUNCTION OF CORNEA
Permits light to enter the eye and bends, or refracts, that light as part of the eye's focusing system
65
FUNCTION OF IRIS
Controls the amount of light that enters
66
FUNCTION OF LENS
Allows ability to see and focus by refracting light and change shape and vocal points
67
FUNCTION OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
Emotions, long term memory, behavior
68
FUNCTION OF MICROTUBULES
Help provide support and structure to the cytoplasm of the cell, involved in cell division and in the transport of intracellular materials, they also form essential components of certain cell organelles (centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, flagella)
69
FUNCTION OF OLIGODENDROCYTES
Insulation (form myelin sheath)
70
FUNCTION OF RETICULAR FIBERS
Fiber in connective tissue that forms a supporting mesh.
71
FUNCTION OF RETICULAR FORMATION
Sleep and consciousness
72
FUNCTION OF THALAMUS
Sensory relay center of the brain (also influences mood and action s associated with strong emotions)
73
FUNCTION OF THE RODS IN THE EYES
Night vision and peripheral vision
74
FUNCTION OF TRABECULAR BONE
?????
75
FUNCTION OF TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
Transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear, and then to the oval window in the fluid-filled cochlea
76
FUNCTION OF VESTIBULE
Respond to changes in the position of the head with respect to gravity
77
FUNCTION SPONGY BONE
Provides structural support but is lighter than cortical
78
FUNCTIONS OF ANS
- Regulates the functions of our internal organs (the viscera) such as the heart, stomach and intestines
- Controls things you don’t think about
79
FUNCTIONS OF APOCRINE GLANDS
Produce sweat
80
FUNCTIONS OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
Provide a smooth, lubricated surface for low friction articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads to the underlying subchondral bone
81
FUNCTIONS OF ASTROCYTES
Includes physical and metabolic support for neurons, detoxification, guidance during migration, regulation of energy metabolism, electrical insulation (for unmyelinated axons), transport of blood-borne material to the neuron, and reaction to injury
82
FUNCTIONS OF BURSAE
Facilitate movement and reduce friction between moving parts
83
FUNCTIONS OF CHONDROCYTES
Produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans
84
FUNCTIONS OF COLLAGEN FIBERS
Form a structural frame-work in many parts of the body
85
FUNCTIONS OF ECCRINE GLANDS
Produce sweat
86
FUNCTIONS OF ELASTIC FIBERS
Gives tissue elastikc quality. Helps it to return to its original shape.
87
FUNCTIONS OF EPENDYMAL CELLS
Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
88
FUNCTIONS OF IRREGULAR BONES
Protection of nervous tissue (such as the vertebrae protect the spinal cord), affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone)
89
FUNCTIONS OF LIGAMENTS
A fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable
90
FUNCTIONS OF LIMBIC ASSOCIATION AREA
?
91
FUNCTIONS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
Emotions, long term memory, behavior
92
FUNCTIONS OF MAMMARY GLANDS
Produce breast milk
93
FUNCTIONS OF MENISCI
They transfer the load from the upper leg to the lower leg and stabilize the knee during flexion, extension and during circular movements. The menisci move during the backward flexion and the forward extension of the knee in order to balance the change of the articular surfaces.
94
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
Power house of the cell. Major sites of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available.
95
FUNCTIONS OF MICROGLIA
Phagocytize necrotic tissue, microorganisms, and other foreign substances that invade the CNS
96
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLE FIBERS
????
97
FUNCTIONS OF MYOFIBRILS
Contractile unit of the muscle
98
FUNCTIONS OF OLIGODENDROCYTES
Insulate (form myelin sheath)
99
FUNCTIONS OF OSTEOBLASTS
Bone forming cells
100
FUNCTIONS OF OSTEOCLASTS
Respnosible for reabsorption, or breakdown of bone
101
FUNCTIONS OF OSTEOCYTES
Surrounded osteoblaast i bone matrix
102
FUNCTIONS OF POSTERIOR ASSOCIATION AREA
???????
103
FUNCTIONS OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX
In charge of abstract thinking and thought analysis, it is also responsible for regulating behavior. This includes mediating conflicting thoughts, making choices between right and wrong, and predicting the probable outcomes of actions or events. This brain area also governs social control, such as suppressing emotional or sexual urges. Since the prefrontal cortex is the brain center responsible for taking in data through the body's senses and deciding on actions, it is most strongly implicated in human qualities like consciousness, general intelligence, and personality.
104
FUNCTIONS OF PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX
?
105
FUNCTIONS OF SCHWANN CELLS
insulation and protection
106
FUNCTIONS OF SEMICIRULAR CANALS
balance
107
FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Mechanical. Support. Bones provide a framework for the attachment of muscles and other tissues
- Protective. Bones such as the skull and rib cage protect vital organs from injury. Bones also protect the marrow.
- Metabolic. Mineral storage.
108
FUNCTIONS OF SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION CORTEX
?
109
FUNCTIONS OF T TUBULES
Conduct impulses from the surface of the cell (SARCOLEMMA) down into the cell and, specifically, to another structure in the cell called the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
110
FUNCTIONS OF TENDONS
highly organized connective tissue joining muscle to bone
111
FUNCTIONS OF THE LENS
Allows ability to see and focus by refracting light and change shape and vocal points
112
HOW ARE CHO STORED
?
113
HOW DO THE CRANIAL BONES FORM
?
114
HOW DO YOU SMELL DIFFERENT ODORS
olfactory receptor
115
LOCATION OF OPTIC DISC
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye ball
116
LOCATION OF TASTE BUDES
2 out of 3 papillae’s and also Buckle membranes
117
LOCATION OF WHITE MATTER
Outside of the spinal cord, outer brain
118
MAJOR ION INSIDE CELL
Potassium
119
MAJOR ION OUTSIDE OF CELL
Sodium
120
MAKE UP OF CONNECTIVIE TISSUE
The connective tissues generally consist of an indigenous population of cells surrounded by fibers and an amorphous ground substance.
121
NAME PARTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
- synarthroses (immovable joints)
- amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)
- diarthroses (movable joints, or "freely movable joints")
122
ORDER OF LIGHT THROUGH THE EYE
Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina, nerve
123
ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY
Cells, Tissues, Organ, Organ system, Organisms
124
ORGANS IN CRANIAL CAVITY
brain
125
ORGANS IN DORSAL CAVITY
Includes the cranial and vertebral cavities. Contains brain and spinal cord
126
ORGANS IN THORACIC CAVITY
Lungs, heart, esphagus, trachea, thymus.
127
ORGANS IN VERTEBRAL CAVITY
Spinal Cord
128
PASSAGEWAY OF LIGHT THROUGH THE EYE
?
129
RESPONSIBILITIES OF GUSTATORY CORTEX
Perception of taste and flavor
130
RESPONSIBLE OF STRATUM BASALE
?
131
RESPONSIBLE OF STRATUM CORNEUM
?
132
RESPONSIBLE OF STRATUM GRANULOSUM
?
133
RESPONSIBLE OF STRATUM LUCIDUM
?
134
RESPONSIBLITIES OF OLFACTORY CORTEX
?
135
RESPONSIBLITIES OF VESTIBULAR CORTEX
?
136
RESPONSIBLITIES OF VISCERAL SENSORY AREA
?
137
ROLE OF ABDUCEN NERVE
?
138
ROLE OF ACCESSORY NERVE
?
139
ROLE OF ACETYLCHOLINE
?
140
ROLE OF AXON
?
141
ROLE OF CALCIUM ON MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
?
142
ROLE OF CEREBELLUM
?
143
ROLE OF CHOLINESTERASE
?
144
ROLE OF DENDRITE
?
145
ROLE OF DIAPHYSIS
?
146
ROLE OF EPIPHYSEAL LINE
?
147
ROLE OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
?
148
ROLE OF GAMMA AMINOBUTYRIC ACID
?
149
ROLE OF GROWTH HORMONE
?
150
ROLE OF HAVERSIAN SYSTEM
?
151
ROLE OF HYPOTHALAMUS
?
152
ROLE OF INTEROCEPTORS
?
153
ROLE OF LACUNAE
?
154
ROLE OF MEDULLA
?
155
ROLE OF NEUROLEMMA
?
156
ROLE OF NOCICEPTORS
?
157
ROLE OF NOREPINEPHRINE
?
158
ROLE OF PHOTORECEPTORS
?
159
ROLE OF PROLACTIN
?
160
ROLE OF PROPRICEPTORS
?
161
ROLE OF SOMATOMEDINS
?
162
ROLE OF THALAMUS
?
163
ROLE OF THRYOID HORMONE
?
164
ROLE OF TRIGEMINAL NERVEL
?
165
ROLE OF TROPOMYOSIN
?
166
ROLE OF VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
?
167
STEPS OF TISSUE REPAIR
?
168
STRENGTH OF HYDROGEN BONDS
?
169
THREE LAYERS OF NEURONS IN THE RETINA
?
170
WHAT ARE ENDORPHINS
?
171
WHAT ARE ENKEPHALINS
?
172
WHAT ARE SALTS
?
173
WHAT DOES ECCRINE GLANDS SECRETE?
?
174
WHAT IS A FIXATOR MUSCLE
?
175
WHAT IS A SYNERGIST MUSCLE
?
176
WHAT IS ACTION POTENTIAL
?
177
WHAT IS AN AGONIST MUSCLE
?
178
WHAT IS AN ANTAGONIST MUSCLE
?
179
WHAT IS CONJUNCTIVITIS
?
180
WHAT IS EXCITATORY POTENTIAL
?
181
WHAT IS GENERATOR POTENTIAL
?
182
WHAT IS GRADED POTENTIAL
?
183
WHAT IS Meniere's syndrome
Caused and seen with head trauma, alcohol abuse, family history, and smoking. Signs and symptoms include decreased hearing, pressure in ears, ringing in ears, and vertigo (nausea and vomiting)
184
WHAT IS MITOSIS
?
185
WHAT IS MORPHINE
?
186
WHAT IS MYOGLOBIN
?
187
WHAT IS PERILYMPH
?
188
WHAT IS POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL
?
189
WHAT IS STRABISMUS
?
190
WHAT IS SUCROSE
?
191
WHAT IS THE CONJUNCTIVA
Thin membrane that covers the sclera, reflected over the anterior chamber, function is to lubricate and protect
192
WHAT IS THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
?
193
WHAT IS THE MAKE UP OF SWEAT
?
194
WHAT IS THE RESTING AND DIGESTING SYSTEM OF ANS
?
195
WHAT IS THE RULE OF 9 FOR BURNS
?
196
WHAT STOPS ACH
?
197
WHAT TRIGGERS SOUR TASTE
?
198
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF YOU OVERSTRETCHED MUSCLES
?
199
WHERE ARE THE GUSTATORY CELLS LOCATED
?
200
WHERE DO WE FIND MYOSIN
?
201
WHERE DO YOU FIND VITREOUS HUMOR
?
202
WHERE DOES LACTIC ACID DEVELOP FROM
waste product of muscles
203
WHERE IS THE BLIND SPOT OF THE EYE
Where the Optic nerve enters and leaves (you can’t see anything)(no photo receptors)
204
WHICH CELLS IN HUMAN BODY HAVE FLAGELLEUM
?
205
WHICH PARTS OF THE EYES ARE VASCULAR
?
