Flash Cards Exam I
(129 cards)
1
Q
Male infertility causes
A
Blockage, sperm motility, capacitation, low sperm count/testosterone
2
Q
Female infertility causes
A
Blocakge, age (lack of viable oocytes)
3
Q
Normal male sperm count
A
> 100 million/ml
4
Q
Male sperm count for infertility
A
< 10 million/ml
5
Q
Cause of a monosomy or trisomy
A
Nondisjunction of Meiosis I or Nondisjunction of Meiosis II during gametogenesis
6
Q
Trisomy 21 Name of Condition?
A
Down’s Syndrome
7
Q
Trisomy 21 Symptoms?
A
symptoms of condition: Craniofacial abnormalities, mental retardation, heart defects, epicanthal folds
8
Q
Trisomy 18 Name of Condition?
A
Edward’s Syndrome
9
Q
Trisomy 18 Symptoms?
A
symptoms of condition: Intellectual disability, heart defects, low ears, kidney probs, small lower jaw (micrognathia)
10
Q
Trisomy 13 Name of Condition?
A
Patau Syndrome
11
Q
Trisomy 13 Symptoms?
A
symptoms of condition: Holoprosencephaly, heart defects, cleft lip, deaf
12
Q
X Monosomy Name of condition?
A
Turner’s Syndrome
13
Q
Turner’s Syndrome Symptoms?
A
symptoms of condition: Female, web neck, infertile because gonadal dysgenesis aka gonadal “streak”
14
Q
XXY Name of condition?
A
Klienfelter’s
15
Q
Klienfelter’s Symptoms?
A
symptoms of condition: Male, infertile, gynecomastia, micropenis
16
Q
When does spontaneous abortion occur most commonly?
A
First 3 weeks
17
Q
What is the most common cause of spontaneous abortion?
A
Chromosomal abnormalities
18
Q
What are the most optimal sites of implantation?
A
Posterior wall and fundus of uterus
19
Q
What is the most common site of ectopic implantation?
A
Uterine tube
20
Q
What is placenta previa?
A
Placenta partially or fully covers the internal os
21
Q
What causes placenta previa?
A
Implantation lower in the uterus (close to cervix)
22
Q
What is placenta accreta?
A
Synciotrophoblasts invade the myometrium
23
Q
Why is placenta accreta life threaning for the mother?
A
Excessive bleeding because the uterus tears when the baby is born
24
Q
What cells of placenta release hCG?
A
Synciotrophoblasts
25
What is mosacism?
Tissues of different genetic composition located throughout the body
26
What causes mosacism?
Nondisjunction AFTER fertilization during mitosis
27
What does LH do in males?
Stimulates Interstital cells of Leydig to produce testosterone
28
What does FSH do in males?
Stimulates stertoli cells to produce testicular fluid AND synthesis of androgen receptors
29
How is spermatogenesis endocrinologically stimulated in males?
LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone. FSH stimulates androgen receptors on Sertoli cells. Testosterone (produced by Leydig cells) binds to androgen receptors on Sertoli cells stimulating spermatogenesis.
30
What is the first sign of gastrulation?
Primitive streak formation
31
What are the 3 results of fertilization
1. Restoration of diploid # of chromosomes 2. Genetic Sex determination 3. Initiation of cleavage
32
What is a Sacrococcygeal teratoma?
Tumor of all 3 germ layers off coccygeal area; Result of lack of degeneration of primitive streak
33
What is Sirenomelia?
Caudal dysgenesis; Caused by lack of mesoderm caudally
34
What is Situs Inversus?
Reverse or organs on the Rt and Lt sides; Caused by disruption of signalling in the Rt-Lt axis
35
Vasculogenesis occurs when and where first?
When: 3rd Week (Day 16); Where: Splanchnic extraembryonic mesoderm of yolk sac
36
What is the notochord remnant?
Nucleus pulposus
37
What is the annular fibrosis embrological origin?
Sclerotome (paraxial mesoderm)
38
What is the allantois?
Rudimentary "bladder"; Essentially nonfunctional in humans
39
What is the adult remnant of allantois?
Urachus; Median Umbilical Ligament
40
Safe place to take LP (Lumbar Puncture) in adult?
Below L3
41
Location of Spinal cord in 6 month fetus?
S1
42
Location of Spinal cord in newborn?
L2/ L3
43
Location of Spinal cord in adult?
L1/L2
44
What is Rathke's pouch?
Ectoderm in oropharyngeal membrane (called Stomodeum) that invaginated cranially to become anterior pituitary gland
45
What is another name for anterior pituitary?
Adenohypophysis
46
What is another name for the posterior pituitary?
Neurohypophysis
47
What are the hormones produced by posterior pituitary?
ADH and Oxytocin
48
Where do the basal and floor plates end in brain development?
Diencephalon
49
What is the origin of the Posterior Pituitary?
Neurophypophyseal diverticulum drops down from the diencephalon and joins Rathke's pouch to become pituitary gland
50
What is the infundibulum?
The connecting stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
51
What form the cerebellum?
The rhombic lips of metencephalon
52
What is the sulcus limitans?
The lateral sulcus in the central canal- separates alar (sensory) and basal (motor) plates
53
What do the Alar plates become in the spinal cord?
Dorsal horn (grey matter) of spinal cord
54
What do the Basal plates become in the spinal cord?
Ventral horn (grey matter) of spinal cord
55
What are the 3 zones of the spinal cord neuroepithelium from deep to superficial?
Ventricular zone, Mantle (Intermediate) and Marginal Zones
56
What does the corpus striatum give rise to?
C shaped portion of floor of cerebral hemispheres. Grows more slowly than the rest of the hemispheres creating the C-shaped hemispheres. It contains white matter called the internal capsule.
57
The interventricular foramen of Monroe is where?
Channels between each lateral ventricle and the 3rd ventricle of the brain
58
What are the 2 types of spina bifida cystica?
Meningocele (just meninges and CSF herniation) and Meningomyelocele (Spinal cord, meninges and CSF herniation)
59
What is spina bifida occulta?
The failure of the (usually lumbar) vertebral lamina to close and the spinal cord is not protected by bone. Usually no symptoms except a tuft of hair in lumbosacral region
60
What is Myeloschisis?
The most severe form of spina bifida. Spinal cord is on body surface because neural folds fail to fuse.
61
What is Holoprosencephaly?
Lack of forebrain development
62
What is meningoencephalocele?
Herniation of the brain and meninges
63
What is meningohydroencephalocele?
Herniation of brain, ventricles and meninges
64
What is exencephaly?
Brain is located outside the calvarium- failure of cranial neural tube closure
65
What is hydrocephaly?
Excess CSF- usually due to an obstruction. May occur with spina bifida and/or arnold chiari malformation
66
What is Arnold Chiari malformation?
Herniation of cerebellum through the foramen magnum. Often occurs concurrently with spina bifida and hydrocephaly.
67
What is eventration of diaphragm?
Diaphragm fully forms with the lack or failure of myotomes from somites of C3-C5. A very weak/thin diaphragm forms. May or may not have phrenic nerve.
68
What is congenital diphragmatic herniation?
Failure of pleuropteritoneal folds to close. Usually occurs on the left as the rt side closes first due to the liver. Growing gut tube migrates upward into the lt thoracic cavity and prevents lung formation and causes pulmonary hypoplasia.
69
What are the 3 waves of cells created by the ventricular neuroepithelium?
1st: Neuroblasts (stay in Mantle later). 2nd: Gliablasts (migrate to Marginal layer) and 3rd: Ependymal cells
70
What are the 4 types of CNS glial cells and their functions?
1. Astrocytes: Blood brain barrier, 2. Oligodendrocytes: CNS myelin, 3. Microglia: Phagocytes and 4. Ependymal cells: From choroid plexus and produce CSF
71
What origins of the 4 types of CNS glial cells?
1. Astrocytes: Gliablasts, 2. Oligodendrocytes: Gliablasts, 3. Microglia:Vascular mesenchyme (monocytes) and 4. Ependymal cells:3rd wave of neurepithelial differentiation
72
What is ectopia cordis?
Heart outside of body, failure of thoracic ventral body wall to close
73
What is the function and origin of schwann cells?
PNS meylin, Neural crest
74
What is gastroschisis?
Failure of closure on abdominal body wall, intestines herniate into amniotic cavity and are damaged by amniotic fluid
75
What is bladder and cloacal exstrophy?
Failure of body wall closure in pelvic region; bladder outside body in bladder exstrophy while bladder AND rectum outside the body in cloacal exstrophy
76
Craniosynostosis
Premature closure of one of one or more sutures
77
What is omphalocele?
Failure of gut tube to return after normal physiological herniation through the umbilical cord
78
Brachycephaly
Coronal and lamdoid suture craniosysnostosis
79
Scaphocephaly
Sagittal suture craniosynostosis
80
Phocomelia (definition)
Rudimentary hands and feet, but no long bones
81
Phocomelia (cause)
Premature interruption of the apical ectodermal ridge
82
Amelia (definition)
Complete absence of one or more extremites
83
Syndactyly (definition)
fused fingers or toes
84
Syndactyly (cause)
Problem with apoptotic cell death between digits
85
Polydactyly
Extra fingers or toes
86
(embryonic origin) Left Brachiocephalic vein
Anastomosis of right and left cranial cardinal veins
87
(embryonic origin) Right brachiocephalic vein
Right cranial cardinal vein
88
(embryonic orgin) SVC
Right common cardinal vein
89
(Embryonic orgin) Azygous
Right caudal cardinal vein
90
(embryonic orgin) Proximal IVC
Right Vitelline vein
91
(embryonic origin)Common Iliac veins
Caudal aspect of both right and left caudal cardinal veins
92
(embryonic orgin) Hepatic portal system
Right Vitelline vein
93
(embryonic orgin) ductus venosus
Left Umbilical vein
94
(embryonic orgin) right subclavian artery
right 4th aortic arch
95
(embryonic orgin) sinus venarum
Sinus venosis (right sinus horn)
96
(embryonic orgin) carotids
3rd aortic arch
97
(embryonic orgin) stapedius artery
2nd aortic arch
98
(embryonic orgin) Maxillary artery
1st aortic arch
99
(embryonic orgin) ductus arteriousus
left 6th aortic arch
100
Anastomosis of right and left cranial cardinal veins
(embryonic orgin) Left Brachiocephalic vein
101
Right cranial cardinal vein
(embryonic orgin) Right brachiocephalic vein
102
(embryonic orgin) Aortic arch
left 4th aortic arch
103
Right common cardinal vein
(embryonic orgin) SVC
104
Right caudal cardinal vein
(Embryonic orgin) Azygous
105
Right Vitelline vein
(embryonic orgin) Proximal IVC
106
Caudal aspect of both right and left caudal cardinal veins
(embryonic orgin) Common Iliac veins
107
Right Vitelline vein
(embryonic orgin) Hepatic portal system
108
Left Umbilical vein
(embryonic orgin) ductus venosus
109
right 4th aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) right subclavian artery
110
Sinus venosis (right sinus horn)
(embryonic orgin) sinus venarum
111
3rd aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) carotids
112
2nd aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) stapedius artery
113
1st aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) Maxillary artery
114
left 6th aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) ductus arteriousus
115
left 4th aortic arch
(embryonic orgin) Aortic arch
116
Tetralogy of fallot (name 4 symptoms)
VSD, Hypertrophy of right ventricle, stenosis of pulmonary trunk, and overriding aorta
117
Persistent truncus arterios (causes what?)
a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in both systems; accompanied by VSD in most cases
118
Great vessel trasposition
Right ventricle ->Aorta ////left ventricle ->pulmonary trunk
119
VSD, Hypertrophy of right ventricle, stenosis of pulmonary trunk, and overriding aorta
Tetralogy of fallot (name 4 symptoms)
120
a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in both systems; accompanied by VSD in most cases
Persistent truncus arterios (causes what?)
121
Right ventricle ->Aorta ////left ventricle ->pulmonary trunk
Great vessel transposition
122
Preductal Aortic coarctation (implications)
Increased use of ductus arteriosus, during fetal development, and loss of lower extremity circulation after birth
123
Postductal Aortic coarctation (implications)
loss of lower extremity circulation in fetal development, thus remodeling of upper extremity vessels; fine at birth because of remodeling
124
right 6th aortic arch
degenerates (therefore Rt. recurrent laryngeal hooks underneath Rt. Subclavian a.)
125
Lt. common cardinal vein
Coronary Sinus & Oblique vein of Left Atrium
126
Coronary Sinus & Oblique vein of Left Atrium (embryonic origin)
Lt. common cardinal vein
127
What is meroencephaly?
(Can be caused by exencephaly.) Brain tissue exposed to amniotic fluid degenerates with the brainstem left in tact. (Anencephaly is similar, although may have even less brain tissue present than meroencephaly)
128
Rt. Umbilical Vein
Degenerates
129
Lt. Vitelline Vein
Degenrates
