Flash Cards Unit 4.6, 4.7, 5.1 & 5.2

Question 1

Instincts

Answer 1

innate and consistent pattern of complex behavior that is performed the same way by every member of the species

Question 2

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 2

physiological need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need to maintain homeostasis

Question 3

Arousal theory

Answer 3

seeking for an optimal level of arousal. Some behaviors increase arousal

Question 4

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 4

performance increases with arousal only up to a certain point, beyond which performance decreases
“Moderate arousal leads to optimum performance”

Question 5

Self- determination theory

Answer 5

identifies three fundamental psychological needs that must be satisfied to foster wellbeing

Question 6

Autonomy

Answer 6

feeling in control of one’s own behaviors and goals.

Question 7

Competence

Answer 7

feeling capable and effective in one’s activities

Question 8

relatedness

Answer 8

feeling a sense of belonging and attachment to others.

Question 9

intrinsic motivation

Answer 9

doing an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some outside reward.

Question 10

extrinsic motivation

Answer 10

performing an activity to achieve an external reward or avoid punishment

Question 11

Incentive theory

Answer 11

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
motivation through the “pulling” of incentives

Question 12

Lewin’s motivational conflicts theory

Answer 12

choices create conflicts that one must resolve, motivating behavior

Question 13

Approach-approach

Answer 13

2 attractive but incompatible goals pull on you

Question 14

Approach-avoidance

Answer 14

simultaneously attracted and repelled

Question 15

Avoidance-avoidance

Answer 15

2 undesirable alternatives

Question 16

Sensation seeking theory

Answer 16

search for experiences that are varied, novel, complex, and intense.

Question 17

Thrill/adventure seeking

Answer 17

desire for outdoor activities and physically challenging pursuits that provide a high level of arousal

Question 18

Experience seeking

Answer 18

pursuit of novel sensory or intellectual experiences through art, travel, music, and social nonconformity.

Question 19

Disinhibition

Answer 19

tendency to seek release in social settings through partying, social drinking, or engaging in uninhibited social behaviors

Question 20

Boredom susceptibility

Answer 20

aversion to repetitive routine and predictable circumstances

Question 21

Hunger motivation

Answer 21

biological drive, important for individual survival

Question 22

Ghrelin

Answer 22

secreted by an empty stomach to tell the brain you are hungry

Question 23

Leptin

Answer 23

secreted by fat cells, causes an increase in metabolism and decrease in hunger

Question 24

Emotion (affect)

Answer 24

complex experience that begins with a stimulus (external factor) and includes physiological responses, subjective emotional feelings (internal factor), and emotional expressions - outward signs of what a person is feeling

Question 25

Facial-feedback hypothesis

Answer 25

tendency for facial muscles to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger or happiness.

Question 26

Broaden-and-Build Theory of Emotion

Answer 26

positive emotions tend to broaden awareness and encourage new actions and thoughts. Negative emotions tend to reduce awareness and narrow thinking and action.

Question 27

anger

Answer 27

a negative emotion characterized by antagonism towards someone or something

Question 28

Disgust

Answer 28

a strong negative emotion characterized by a feeling of revulsion or aversion towards something unpleasant or offensive

Question 29

sadness

Answer 29

a negative emotional state characterized by feelings of unhappiness, usually triggered by a loss or negative event

Question 30

happiness

Answer 30

state of emotional well-being characterized by positive emotions like joy, contentment, and life satisfaction

Question 31

fear

Answer 31

an intense emotional response triggered by a perceived threat

Question 32

surprise

Answer 32

an emotion that arises when an expectation is violated or when someone encounters something completely unexpected

Question 33

stress

Answer 33

process by which we perceive and respond to certain events (stressors) that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Question 34

Motivating stressors (eustress)

Answer 34

positive form of stress that pushes people to accomplish or achieve their daily/life goals.

Question 35

Debilitating stressors (distress)

Answer 35

negative stressors including daily hassles, relationship problems, financial problems, which can significantly impact daily life and functioning

Question 36

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 36

body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 37

Phase 1 ALARM

Answer 37

sympathetic nervous system is activated (fight-flight-or-freeze)

Question 38

Phase 2 RESISTANCE

Answer 38

heightened alert, release of adrenaline, reserves begin to dwindle

Question 39

Phase 3 EXHAUSTION

Answer 39

become vulnerable to illness or death

Question 40

Problem-focused coping

Answer 40

managing or fixing the distressing situation, either by changing our behavior or the situation.

Question 41

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 41

controlling or replacing the negative emotional response to the stressor. “This is upsetting, but I can stay calm.”

Question 42

Tend-and-befriend theory

Answer 42

in response to stress people - especially females - come together with others for joint protection of self and offspring.

Question 43

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Answer 43

collection of potentially traumatic events that a child may experience during their development, including physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, neglect, household dysfunction (like parental substance abuse or domestic violence), or witnessing violence, which can have lasting negative impacts on their mental and physical health later in life

Question 44

Posttraumatic Growth (PTG)

Answer 44

positive psychological changes that can emerge from grappling with trauma or challenging circumstances

Question 45

Positive psychology

Answer 45

scientific study of human flourishing. Provides applications of theories and scientific research to promote well being and emphasize positivity in emotion, characteristics, and social structures.

Question 46

Gratitude

Answer 46

positive emotional response that emerges from acknowledging and appreciating the good aspects of life.

Question 47

Character strengths/virtues

Answer 47

psychological attributes or traits contributing to an individual’s positive functioning and well-being. There are 24 character strengths in 6 virtue categories:

Question 48

Wisdom and knowledge

Answer 48

strengths such as creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning, and perspective

Question 49

courage

Answer 49

emcompasses strengths like bravery, persistence, integrity, and vitality.

Question 50

humanity

Answer 50

involves strengths related to interpersonal relationships, empathy, kindness, and social intelligence.

Question 51

justice

Answer 51

strengths such as fairness, leadership, teamwork, and citizenship

Question 52

temperance

Answer 52

strengths related to self-regulation, moderation, humility, and prudence

Question 53

transcendence

Answer 53

encompasses strengths like gratitude, spirituality, hope, humor, and appreciation of beauty and excellence.