Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What was the duration of the Ionian Revolt?
A
499-493 BCE
The Ionian Revolt was a significant uprising against Persian rule in the Greek city-states of Ionia.
2
Q
What actions did Athens and Eritrea take during the Ionian Revolt?
A
Sent ships to aid the revolt and burned Sardis
This was a key act of support for the Ionian cities fighting against Persian dominance.
3
Q
What marked the end of the Ionian Revolt?
A
Persian victory at the Battle of Lade in 494 BCE
The revolt concluded with the destruction of Miletus.
4
Q
What was the timeframe of the First Persian invasion by Darius I?
A
492-490 BCE
This invasion was a response to the Ionian Revolt.
5
Q
What was one result of the First Persian invasion?
A
Eretria was sacked
The invasion targeted Greek city-states in retaliation for their involvement in the revolt.
6
Q
What was the outcome of the Battle of Marathon?
A
Athenian victory
This battle was a significant event during the First Persian invasion.
7
Q
What was the duration of the Second Persian invasion led by Xerxes I?
A
480-479 BCE
This invasion was much larger in scale compared to the first.
8
Q
What significant military formation did the Greeks create to resist Xerxes?
A
Hellenic League
This coalition was formed to unite Greek city-states against the Persian threat.
9
Q
What happened at the Battle of Thermopylae?
A
Greeks were defeated
This battle is famous for the heroic stand of the Spartans against a vastly larger Persian force.
10
Q
What was the outcome of the Battle of Artemisium?
A
Indecisive end
This naval engagement occurred concurrently with the Battle of Thermopylae.
11
Q
What event followed the sack of Athens during the Second Persian invasion?
A
Battle of Salamis
This naval battle resulted in a decisive Greek victory led by Themistocles.
12
Q
What was the outcome of the Battle of Plataea?
A
Greek victory under Pausanias
This battle marked a turning point in the war, leading to the eventual decline of Persian power in Greece.
13
Q
What happened at the Battle of Mycale?
A
Greek fleet destroys Persian navy near Ionia
This battle was crucial in securing Greek naval dominance.
14
Q
What was the timeframe for the Greek counteroffensive and the end of the wars?
A
478-449 BCE
This period saw a series of Greek victories that ultimately led to the end of hostilities with Persia.
15
Q
What city did the Greeks capture in 478 BCE?
A
Byzantium
This was part of the Greek counteroffensive against Persian forces.
16
Q
What was formed in 477 BCE and who led it?
A
Delian League, led by Athens
This alliance aimed to continue the fight against Persia and secure Greek interests.
17
Q
What was the outcome of the Battle of Eurymedon in 469 BCE?
A
Athenian fleet led by Cimon defeats Persians
This victory further established Athenian naval supremacy.
18
Q
What happened to the Delian League treasury in 454 BCE?
A
Moved to Athens
This act signified Athens’ increasing control over the league and its resources.
19
Q
What was the Peace of Callias, supposedly signed in 449 BCE?
A
Ended hostilities between Greece and Persia
This treaty marked a significant diplomatic achievement for the Greek city-states.
20
Q
Date of Battle of Marathon
A
490 BCE
21
Q
Battle of Thermopylae date
A
480 BCE (Xerxes)
22
Q
Battle of Artemisium date
A
480 BCE (naval engagements)
23
Q
Battle of Salamis dates
A
480 (naval engagements, Thermistocles vs Xerxes)
24
Q
What event marked the start of Greek and Iranian contact?
A
The fall of Lydian Kroisos to Cyrus in the 540s
This event initiated a series of interactions between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire.
25
Who was sent by the Spartans to warn Cyrus of the east Greek cities?
Lakrines
## Footnote
Lakrines was sent in response to a plea for help from the Greeks.
26
What role did Peisistratos play in Athenian contact with the Persians?
He captured Sigeion from Mytilene and established his son there under Persian satrap Daskyleion
## Footnote
His actions marked a significant moment of Athenian engagement with Persian authority.
27
What alliance did the Athenians attempt to form in 507/6?
An alliance with the Persians against the Spartans
## Footnote
They sent messengers to Sardis and made an agreement with Artaphrenes.
28
Who sent Athenians and Eritreans to Ionia in 498?
Aristagoras
## Footnote
This led to the Ionian revolt against Persian rule.
29
What was the outcome of the initial attacks on Sardis?
Initially successful, but Persians defeated them at Ephesos
## Footnote
This marked the first military contact between the Greeks and Persians.
30
What is the significance of the Athenian victory at Marathon?
It had symbolic rather than military significance
## Footnote
The victory was later immortalized in a painting by Mikon or Panainos.
31
What was the reaction of Xerxes' envoys towards Athens and Sparta in 481/80?
They initially avoided them due to lack of respect for heralds
## Footnote
This reflects the tense relations between the Persians and these Greek city-states.
32
What happened to Iranians captured by the Greeks during battles?
They were often executed
## Footnote
This illustrates the brutal nature of the conflict.
33
What was the outcome of the Greek victory at Mykale?
It did not cause the immediate collapse of Persian presence in Europe and Asia Minor
## Footnote
The Greeks continued campaigns to prevent Persian influence.
34
What was the significance of the Greek victory at Eurymedon?
It stopped military action between Greece and Persia
## Footnote
This victory was a turning point in the ongoing conflict.
35
Fill in the blank: The Persian commander _______ was executed when captured.
Sandokes
## Footnote
His fate highlights the severe consequences of defeat in battle.
36
Peloponnesian War dates
431-404
37
Cyrus reign
550-530
38
Cambyses reign
530-522
39
Darius I reign
522-486
40
Xerxes I reign
486-465
41
When did the Persian invade Egypt and crown last legitimate Jewish king?
40 BCE
42
Lysander lifetime
454-395 (died Battle of Haliartus)
43
Fortification against Helot revolt
Cythera in 425
44
What event marked the formation of the Delian League?
478
## Footnote
The Delian League was formed as a defensive alliance against Persia.
45
What significant peace agreement occurred between Athens and Sparta around 460-455 BCE?
30 years’ peace
## Footnote
This agreement marked the end of the first Peloponnesian War.
46
In which year did Athens support Corfu against Corinth, angering Sparta?
433
## Footnote
This support escalated tensions leading to war.
47
What was the Megarian Decree issued by Athens in 432?
Banning Megara from Athenian markets
## Footnote
This decree was a significant factor in the lead-up to the Peloponnesian War.
48
When did Sparta declare war on Athens, beginning the Peloponnesian War?
431
## Footnote
This marked the official start of the prolonged conflict.
49
Who was the Spartan king that invaded Attica in 431?
Archidamus II
## Footnote
His invasion prompted Athenians to retreat behind their city walls.
50
What event in 430-429 BCE significantly weakened Athens?
Plague of Athens killed Pericles
## Footnote
This plague had devastating effects on Athenian morale and leadership.
51
What was the outcome of the Mytilenean Revolt in 428-427?
Crushed by Athens
## Footnote
This revolt was an attempt by Lesbos to gain independence from Athenian control.
52
What significant victory did Athens achieve in 425?
Victory at Sphacteria
## Footnote
This victory led to Spartan offers of peace, which Athens refused.
53
What agreement was signed in 421 to temporarily end conflict?
Peace of Nicias
## Footnote
This treaty provided a brief respite in hostilities.
54
What major military action did Athens undertake in 415?
Launched a massive invasion of Sicily
## Footnote
This expedition aimed to expand Athenian influence but ultimately failed.
55
What was the outcome of the Sicilian expedition in 413?
Total disaster for Athens
## Footnote
The Athenian fleet and army were destroyed.
56
What did Sparta do in 413 that impacted Athens' resources?
Occupied Decelea
## Footnote
This occupation cut off vital resources for Athens.
57
What occurred in Athens in 411?
Oligarchic coup - short rule of the 400
## Footnote
This period was marked by a brief shift from democracy to oligarchy.
58
Who strengthened the Spartan navy in 407?
Lysander
## Footnote
His leadership was pivotal in gaining Persian support for Sparta.
59
What was the result of the battle at Aegospotami in 405?
Athens’ fleet destroyed
## Footnote
This defeat was a critical blow to Athenian naval power.
60
What happened to Athens in 404?
Surrendered, Spartans imposed the 30 tyrants
## Footnote
This marked the end of the Peloponnesian War and a significant political change in Athens.
61
In what year did Alexander invade Asia by crossing the Hellespont?
334 invasion of Asia- crosses Hellespont with 40,000 troops
62
What significant battle took place in 334 that gave Alexander control of Western Asia Minor?
334 Battle of Granicus, gains control of Western Asia Minor
63
Which Greek cities did Alexander liberate from Persian rule after the Battle of Granicus?
* Sardis
* Ephesus
* Miletus
64
What was the outcome of the Battle of Issus in 333?
Darius flees, Alex takes control of Phoenicia
65
What significant event occurred during the siege of Tyre in 332?
7-month siege of Tyre
66
What city did Alexander found after entering Egypt in November 332?
Founds Alexandria
67
What major battle occurred in 331 that led to the capture of Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis?
331 Battle of Gaugamela
68
What happened to Persepolis after its capture?
Sack and burning of Persepolis
69
What was the result of the fall of the Persian Empire in 330?
Darius murdered
70
During which years did Alexander invade India?
327-325 Invasion of India
71
What significant battle took place in 326?
Battles of the Hydaspes
72
What was the time period of Alexander's return to Persia?
325-24 Return to Persia
73
In what year did Alexander die?
323 Death in Babylon
74
Revolts against Antaxerxes II
- 370= Datames, governor of Cappadocia, establishes independence
75
Battle of Chaeronea
338 BCE
76
Constitutive meeting at Corinth
337 BCE
77
Battle of Issus
November 333
78
In what year did Alexander the Great cross into India?
327 BCE
79
How long did Alexander's Indian campaign last?
Until 325 BCE
80
Which territories did Alexander expand into during his campaign in India?
Gandhara and Indus Valley
81
What was the name of the battle fought between Alexander and Porus in 326 BCE?
Battle of Hydaspes
82
What was the outcome of the Battle of Hydaspes?
Decisive Macedonian victory
83
What happened to Porus after his defeat in the Battle of Hydaspes?
Captured and appointed as satrap
84
What was the Eastern limit of Alexander's empire according to his conceptions?
India
85
What was the frontier policy of Alexander similar to?
Achaemenid and later Roman strategies
86
What was the status of Porus after the Macedonian forces left his kingdom?
Left independent, bound to Alexander through homage
87
What event marks the beginning of Roman control in Judaea?
Aseverus War (6 CE)
## Footnote
This was the period when Judaea officially became a Roman province.
88
What sparked the first Jewish revolt known as the Vespasian War?
Seizure of money from the temple by procurator Gessius Florus in 64 CE
## Footnote
This act caused significant outrage among the Jewish population.
89
What significant action did the zealots take in the summer of 66 CE?
They seized Jerusalem and defeated Roman forces at the Battle of Beth Horon
## Footnote
This marked a major early success for the Jewish revolt.
90
Who were the leaders of the provisional government established in Jerusalem in late 66 CE?
Josephus and Eleazar ben Simon
## Footnote
They played crucial roles in organizing the Jewish resistance.
91
What was the outcome of the Roman campaign in Galilee in 67 CE?
Romans captured Galilee after the fall of Jotapata, and Josephus was taken prisoner
## Footnote
This was a pivotal moment in the conflict.
92
When was the Second Temple destroyed and what were its consequences?
August 70, resulting in thousands killed and enslaved after the siege of Jerusalem
## Footnote
This event marked a significant blow to Jewish religious life.
93
What happened at Masada in 72-73 CE?
Masada fell after a Roman siege, leading to mass suicide of the defenders
## Footnote
This event symbolizes Jewish resistance against Roman rule.
94
What was established in Jerusalem after 73 CE?
The Roman colony of Aelia Capitolina under Hadrian
## Footnote
This marked a significant change in the governance and identity of the region.
95
What triggered the Quetus or Kitos War?
Roman control and increased taxation
## Footnote
This unrest led to widespread Jewish uprisings across different regions.
96
Which leader led the Jewish uprisings in Cyrene in 115 CE?
Lukuas
## Footnote
His leadership was pivotal in the early stages of the revolt.
97
What was the outcome of the Jewish uprisings in 117 CE?
Most Jewish resistance was wiped out, leading to mass executions and deportations
## Footnote
This marked a severe repression of Jewish communities.
98
What major policy changes did Hadrian implement after becoming emperor in 117 CE?
Harsh anti-Jewish policies, including banning Jews from resettling in Cyprus
## Footnote
These policies aimed to suppress Jewish identity and culture.
99
What initiated the Bar Kokhba War?
Anti-Jewish policies and buildings of Hadrian
## Footnote
This led to a second organized Jewish revolt against Roman rule.
100
What significant event occurred in the summer of 132 CE during the Bar Kokhba War?
Jewish rebels captured Jerusalem and much of Judaea
## Footnote
This was a major achievement for the Jewish resistance.
101
What tactics did the Romans employ against the rebels by 134 CE?
Scorched-earth tactics to destroy towns and starve rebels
## Footnote
This strategy aimed to break the will of the insurgents.
102
What happened to Betar in August 135 CE?
Betar fell, and Simon bar Kokhba was killed alongside tens of thousands of Jews
## Footnote
This marked the end of the Bar Kokhba War and a significant loss for the Jewish community.
103
What extreme measures did Hadrian take after the Bar Kokhba War?
Enacted extreme anti-Jewish laws, including renaming Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina
## Footnote
These actions aimed to erase Jewish identity in the region.
104
Fill in the blank: The Roman province of Judaea was renamed _______ after Hadrian's reforms.
Syria Palaestina
## Footnote
This renaming was part of the effort to diminish Jewish cultural presence.
105
Previous Jewish uprisings
o Uprisings at Alexandria= 38 and 115
o Uprisings in Palestine= 66 and 132
106
When did Umbrians and Etruscans join the rebellion?
90 BCE
107
Lex Plautia Papiria
89
108
What year did Julius Caesar conduct expeditions to Britain?
55/54 BCE
109
In what year did the invasion by four legions occur during the reign of Claudius?
43 CE
110
What was the capital of the Catevallauni captured during the 43 CE invasion?
Colchester
111
Which tribe revolted in East Anglia in the year 47?
Iceni
112
What was founded at Colchester in the year 49?
Veteran colony
113
Which revolt cut short the attempt to conquer parts of Wales in 60 CE?
Iceni revolt led by Boudicca
114
What significant event occurred in 61 CE after Boudicca's revolt?
Boudicca defeated at Battle of Watling Street
115
During what years did Agricola govern in Britannia?
77–85
116
What battle took place in Scotland in 83 CE?
Battle of Mons Graupius
117
What significant structure was constructed in 122 CE?
Hadrian’s Wall
118
Augustus
- Founder of the Roman Empire, reigned 27 BC- 14 AD, created an imperial cult, Pax Romana
119
What was the outcome of the War with Latin allies (340-338)?
Dissolution of Latin League and Roman control over Campania
## Footnote
This conflict marked a significant expansion of Roman influence in the region.
120
What was the result of the wars with Etruscans from 311-308?
Roman domination of Etruria and part of Umbria
## Footnote
These wars were crucial for establishing Roman power in central Italy.
121
What significant event occurred in 283?
Etruscan revolt crushed at Lake Vadimo
## Footnote
This battle was a key moment in solidifying Roman control over Etruscan territories.
122
What was the duration of the war with Pyrrhus?
281-270
## Footnote
This conflict involved significant battles against the forces of King Pyrrhus of Epirus.
123
What was the outcome of the surrender of Tarentum and Rhegium?
Rome controls all of Italy south of the Po valley
## Footnote
This marked a pivotal moment in Roman expansion and consolidation of territory.
124
What was the Delian League?
A military alliance formed by Greek states after the Persian wars
## Footnote
It included between 150 to 330 states.
125
When was the Delian League founded?
478 BC
## Footnote
This was after the Persian wars.
126
Who led the Delian League?
Athens
## Footnote
The league was under the leadership/hegemony of Athens.
127
Which Greek city-state had the greatest land power during the Delian League?
Sparta
128
Where was the common treasury of the Delian League located?
On the island of Delos in the center of the Aegean Sea
129
What transformation did Athens undergo after the Persian Wars?
Athens was rebuilt and gradually took control due to naval power.
130
What role did Athens' naval power play in the Delian League?
It allowed Athens to dominate the Aegean Sea and take control of the league.
131
How did the Delian League transform over time?
It transformed into something more Athenian empire-like.
132
Who led the Delian League to take Cyprus and Byzantium?
Pausanias, the Spartan regent
