Flashcards (4)
(7 cards)
Describe the central dogma of molecular biology.and why is fundamentally important?what does central dogma highlight
The central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins. This process is fundamental to cellular function and gene expression. The central dogma emphasizes the roles of transcription and translation, highlighting how genetic instructions are converted into functional products, ultimately influencing an organism’s traits and behaviors.
Define transcription and its significance in gene expression.what are the 3 steps involved in transcription?why is gene regulated by various factor?
Transcription is the process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). This process is crucial for gene expression, as it allows the information stored in DNA to be translated into proteins, which perform various functions in the cell. Transcription involves several steps, including initiation, elongation, and termination, and is regulated by various factors to ensure that genes are expressed at the right time and in the right amounts.
what does RNA polymerase do in transcription?the product produce from RNA polymerase what is it called where does it go?
RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription. It binds to specific promoter regions on the DNA, unwinds the double helix, and catalyzes the formation of RNA by adding ribonucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand. RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, elongating the RNA strand until it reaches a termination signal, at which point it releases the newly formed RNA molecule. This process is essential for producing mRNA, which carries genetic information to ribosomes for translation.
Explain the role of transcription control in gene regulation.give 2 example of transcription factors that interacts with RNApolymerase and DNA.3 reason why is important
Transcription control is a critical mechanism in gene regulation that determines when and how much of a gene is expressed. Various factors, including transcription factors, enhancers, and silencers, interact with RNA polymerase and the DNA to modulate transcription rates. This regulation allows cells to respond to environmental changes, developmental cues, and internal signals, ensuring that proteins are produced only when needed. Effective transcription control is vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis and proper functioning.
Describe the process of translation and its importance in protein synthesis.where does it occur?
Translation is the process by which the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is decoded to synthesize proteins. It occurs in the ribosome, . Translation is essential for producing proteins that perform a wide range of functions in the cell, including structural roles, enzymatic activity, and signaling.
What distinguishes prokaryotic RNA polymerase from eukaryotic RNA polymerase?
Prokaryotic RNA polymerase is a simpler enzyme compared to its eukaryotic counterparts, consisting of a core enzyme and a sigma factor that helps initiate transcription. It can transcribe all types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) from a single enzyme complex. In contrast, eukaryotic cells have three distinct RNA polymerases, each responsible for synthesizing different types of RNA, and require additional transcription factors for initiation. This complexity reflects the greater regulatory needs and compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells.
what does ribosome facilitate?
The ribosome facilitates the binding of tRNA to mRNA and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.where transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain according to the codon sequence of the mRNA
