Flashcards Unit 2

Question

What is Daoism?

Answer 1

Taoism or Daoism refers to either a school of philosophical thought or to a religion, both of which share ideas and concepts of Chinese origin and emphasise living in harmony with the Tao; the Tao is generally defined as the source of everything and the ultimate principle underlying reality.

Answer 2

A particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.

Answer 3

The dispersion or spread of a people from their original homeland.

Answer 4

Durkheim was among the first to distinguish between the two. The sacred are those things we set apart as extraordinary, which inspire awe and reverence. The profane are those things considered mundane and ordinary elements of everyday life as well as those things that oppose the sacred.

Answer 5

Eastern Orthodoxy is the large body of Christians who follow the faith and practices that were defined by the first seven ecumenical councils.

Answer 6

A philosophy of geography that stated that human behaviours are a direct result of the surrounding environment.

Answer 7

Religion or belief associated with a particular ethnic group.

Answer 8

Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

Answer 9

An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, especially if the language has no living descendants. In contrast, a dead language is one that is no longer the native language of any community, even if it is still in use, like Latin.

Answer 10

Refers to the products and practices of relatively homogeneous and isolated small-scale social groups living in rural locations.

Answer 11

Examples of folk culture regions in the United States are the Amish, Native American customs, and "Little Bavaria" in Frankenmuth, Michigan. The Amish, mainly concentrated in Pennsylvania, practice traditional religious customs and beliefs such as limited use of technology.

Answer 12

The everyday and intimate creativity that all of us share and pass on to the next generation.

Answer 13

An area of land that has common features.

Answer 14

Torsten Hägerstrand (October 11, 1916, in Moheda – May 3, 2004, in Lund) was a Swedish geographer. He is known for his work on migration, cultural diffusion and time geography.

Answer 15

Spread of an idea from persons of authority or power to other persons.

Answer 16

Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global population, known as Hindus.

Answer 17

An outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasise common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.

Answer 18

The process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems.

Answer 19

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

Answer 20

The religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad (PBUH) as the Prophet of Allah.

Answer 21

A line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features.

Answer 22

Judaism is an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilisation of the Jewish people. It has its roots as an organised religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age.

Answer 23

The principal method of human communication, consisting of words used in a structured and conventional way and conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture.

Answer 24

A group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language.

Answer 25

Some group of languages can have many inner divisions. These divisions are sometimes called “families” or “sub-families".

Answer 26

A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

Answer 27

The number of languages and dialects used by large portions of a nation's population.

Answer 28

Local or regional variations of a language or dialect studied as a field of knowledge.

Answer 29

One of the two major traditions of Buddhism, now practiced in a variety of forms especially in China, Tibet, Japan, and Korea. The tradition emerged around the 1st century AD and is typically concerned with altruistically oriented spiritual practice as embodied in the ideal of the bodhisattva.

Answer 30

The political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of communism.

Answer 31

Tools, weapons, utensils, machines, ornaments, art, buildings, monuments, written records, religious images, clothing, and any other ponderable objects produced or used by humans.

Answer 32

When an innovation. originates and enjoys strong, but brief, adoption in a place.

Answer 33

Belief in the existence of one god, or in the oneness of God.

Answer 34

The use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers.

Answer 35

Thoughts or ideas that make up a culture are called the non-material culture.

Answer 36

A standard or pattern, especially of social behaviour, that is typical or expected of a group.

Answer 37

An official language is a language having certain rights to be used in defined situations. These rights can be created in written form or by historic usage. 178 countries recognise an official language, 101 of them recognising more than one.

Answer 38

A grammatically simplified form of a language, used for communication between people not sharing a common language. Pidgins have a limited vocabulary, some elements of which are taken from local languages, and are not native languages, but arise out of language contact between speakers of other languages.

Answer 39

Culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an educated elite.

Answer 40

A member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation, including the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches.

Answer 41

A phenomenon where people identify themselves with the social system of a certain region.

Answer 42

The belief in and worship of a superhuman power or powers, especially a God or gods. There are many different types and branches.

Answer 43

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2019. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation.

Answer 44

American geographer who was an authority on desert studies, tropical areas, the human geography of American Indians, and agriculture and native crops of the New World.

Answer 45

Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance.

Answer 46

An adherent of the Shia branch of Islam.

Answer 47

Sikhism, also known as Sikhi, is an Indian religion and philosophy that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, around the end of the 15th century CE.

Answer 48

A standard language is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of grammar and usage, although occasionally the term refers to the entirety of a language that includes a standardised form as one of its varieties.

Answer 49

Diffusion in which one people receives a culture element from another but gives it a new and unique form.

Answer 50

The larger of the two main branches of Islam, which differs from Shia in its understanding of the Sunna, its conception of religious leadership, and its acceptance of the first three caliphs.

Answer 51

A landscape that has significant meaning beyond what it simply looks like due to cultural associations.

Answer 52

A mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship.

Answer 53

The amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought.

Answer 54

The path of transformation. Its practices encourage a transformation of body, speech and mind in order to become happy.

Answer 55

The more conservative of the two major traditions of Buddhism (the other being Mahayana), and a school of Hinayana Buddhism. It is practiced mainly in Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos.

Answer 56

The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin.

Answer 57

The study of place names.

Answer 58

Traditional customs, beliefs, or methods are ones that have existed for a long time without changing.

Answer 59

Transculturation is a term coined by Cuban anthropologist Fernando Ortiz in 1940 to describe the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures.

Answer 60

Offer belief systems that are attractive to the universal population. They look for new members and welcome anyone and everyone who wishes to adopt their belief system. Universalising religions have many diverse members, who come from different ethnic backgrounds, hence the term universal.