Flashcards_Knowledge
(40 cards)
What are the four phases of Watson’s basic architecture?
Query processing, answer candidate generation, evidence retrieval/scoring, evidence ranking
Which logical operator is true when either of the connected propositions is true?
OR
What is the main advantage of first-order logic over propositional logic?
It can express relationships between objects.
What does Prolog combine in its functionality?
Programming and logic.
What is a substitution in logical reasoning?
Assigns constants to variables.
Which philosopher laid the groundwork for formal logic?
Aristotle
What is the semantic interpretation of ‘Madrid is the capital of Spain’?
‘Madrid is a city located in Spain, the capital of Spain, and not the capital of France.’
What is an ontology in computer science?
An explicit specification of a conceptualization.
Which representation connects multiple statements about entities?
Semantic networks
What is the purpose of semantic networks?
To represent relations between multiple statements about entities.
What is the difference between propositional and first-order logic?
First-order logic can express relationships between objects; propositional logic cannot.
Which knowledge types are essential for reasoning in Watson’s architecture?
Temporal, geographical, biographical, linguistic knowledge.
What is the role of temporal knowledge in AI?
To determine when events occur or their chronological order.
What does ‘evidence retrieval and scoring’ refer to?
Finding and scoring evidence that supports an answer.
How does semantic reasoning support complex query answering?
It enables understanding and answering complex, structured queries.
What is the purpose of substitution in logical proofs?
It replaces variables with specific constants in logical expressions.
What is forward chaining in logic reasoning?
A process of deriving new facts by applying rules to known facts.
What is backward chaining, and how is it different from forward chaining?
A method of proving statements by starting with a goal and working backward.
What are semantic networks, and how are they used in AI?
They represent entities and their relationships in a connected graph.
What are examples of logical operators in propositional logic?
AND, OR, NOT, IMPLIES.
How are ontologies utilized in AI?
To formalize domain knowledge and enable shared understanding.
What is the significance of the ‘closed world assumption’ in logic?
If something is not explicitly known to be true, it is assumed to be false.
What role does Aristotle’s formal logic play in modern AI?
It established rules for deductive reasoning still used today.
What is the difference between syntactic and semantic networks?
Syntactic networks focus on structure; semantic networks focus on meaning.
