Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE CCEA history unit 2 > Flashpoints In Europe And The Impact On International Relations (unrefined) > Flashcards

Flashpoints In Europe And The Impact On International Relations (unrefined) Flashcards

1
Q

What did the western allies do in January 1947/48? What was the Soviet reaction to this?

A

Bizonia (47) and Trizonia (48)
A merging of the British and American (47) and French (48) economic zones in Germany and Berlin

This was perceived as the west grouping together against the USSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the name of the West German currency introduced by the Allies

When was it introduced?

A

The Deutschmark

(Announced June 20th)
Introduced on 23rd June 1948

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was the name of the East German currency introduced by the USSR

When was it introduced?

A

The Ostmark

June 24th 1948

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When did the Berlin Blockade start?

A

24th of June 1948

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did the USSR claim the Berlin Blockade was caused by?

A

Technical difficulties and essential repairs for the
- canal
- road
- rail
Links between East Berlin-West Berlin and West Germany-East Germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why did the USSR enforce the Berlin blockade in actuality? (3)

A
  • To prevent devaluing of the Ostmark, which was only recently introduced
  • to attempt to remove the Allies from Berlin and possibly Germany
  • most importantly, to regain control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When was the FRG (Federal German Republic or West Germany) given a constitution?

A

(7th) June 1948

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How was the Berlin Blockade enforced? (3)

A
  • canal, rail and road links shut
  • soviet troops surrounded West Berlin
  • Gas, coal and electricity supplies were cut from the east
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many people lived in West Berlin in 1948?

A

2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What was the USSR’s stance on Germany, compare this with US.

A

USSR:
- wanted Germany weak
- also wanted to spread communism

US:
- felt rebuilding Germany would benefit US economy
- wanted to spread liberal democracy and capitalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How long did the West Berliners have before they ran out of supplies?

A

6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How much money did the US invest in West Germany through Marshall Aid?

A

$1300 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why was Berlin so important to the allies? (2)

A
  • symbol for freedom - microcosm
  • potential domino effect in Europe if Berlin became communist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was the code name for the Berlin Airlift?

A

‘Operation Plainfare’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When did the Berlin Airlift formally start?

When did the first supplies arrive in Berlin however and where?

A

July 2nd 1948

June 26th, Templehof airfield.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

By the end of the Berlin airlift, how much supplies were being delivered per day?

A

13000 tonnes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How long did the Berlin Airlift last?

A

324 days

Ended on 12th May 1949

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What were the results of the Berlin Airlift? (7)

A
  • propaganda defeat for the USSR
  • 101 died
  • Cost $224m
  • led to NATO - April 4th 1949
  • FRG (May 1949) and GDR (October 1949)
  • arms race intensified
  • containment appeared to be working
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is NATO and what is their key principal?

A
  • The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
  • Founded on the principal of defence of all attacked members
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When did the FRG join NATO?

A

(May) 1955

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

At what stage did the USSR view NATO expansion as a threat?

A

When Italy, Turkey and Greece joined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When was the Warsaw Pact established?

What was its core principal and why was it established?

A
  • May 1955
  • Founded on the principal of defending all member states upon attack
  • established in retaliation to NATO expansion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What communist country did not join the Warsaw Pact?

A

Yugoslavia

24
Q

Who coined the ‘Domino theory’ and when?

A

Dwight D Eisenhower and his Secretary of State, Dulles, in 1954

25
Q

What was significant about Eisenhower’s views on communism and his actions?

A
  • He was a hardline anti-communist who inherited a similarly hardline republican congress
  • he was not keen on intervention and prioritised cheap foreign policy i.e. alliances
  • talked big, did very little
26
Q

Despite Eisenhowers reluctance to spend, did he pledge to offer military and economic support?

A

Yes, only if absolutely needed

27
Q

What smaller military alliances did the West form abroad?

A
  • SEATO (south east Asia) - 1954
  • Baghdad Pact (Middle East) - 1955
28
Q

When did Stalin die, why was this especially significant?

A
  • 1953
  • he embodied soviet communism and his death provided hope for a thaw in the Cold War
29
Q

Who succeeded Stalin as leader of the USSR and how long did he rule?

A

Georgi Malenkov
1953 - 1955

30
Q

Who succeeded Malenkov in the USSR?

A

Nikita Khrushchev

31
Q

Why did many see Khrushchev as a reformist? (4)

A

He seemed to look to mend relations with the West:

  • Austria was de-militarised
  • Geneva July 1955, first meeting of the West and USSR since Potsdam 10 years prior
  • Cominform dissolved
  • Feb 1956 secret speech
    1. ‘peaceful co-existence’ and
    2. denouncing Stalin
32
Q

Explain briefly what happened in Poland June 1956 (5)

A
  • low wages and high food prices
  • saw Khrushchev as weak
  • rebelled - 53 killed in riots
  • tanks sent to Warsaw at request of communist leader
  • Gomulka appointed as Polish leader - moderate
33
Q

Explain the origins of the Hungarian Uprising 1956 (6)

A
  • became communist 1947
    1. Religion frowned upon
    2. Schools nationalised
  • Magyar culture suppressed - opposition to communism
  • police (AVO) really unpopular
  • Red Army presence, occupying force, really unpopular
  • allegedly USSR stealing Hungarian resources
  • Khrushchev appeared weak
34
Q

Explain how the 1956 Hungarian uprising panned out (7)

A
  • Rakosi (hardliner) replaced by USSR - July 1956
  • Oct 23rd 1956 - riots in Budapest (workers, students, soldiers)
  • Imre Nagy appointed, turns to UN for assistance
  • Oct 28th 1956 - soviet tanks withdrew, protestors confident
  • November 1st - Nagy reforms
    1. Free elections
    2. Leave Warsaw Pact
    3. US/UN help
  • November 4th - soviet clamp
    1. 3/4000 dead
    2. 150000 exiled
    3. Nagy tried and executed in 1958
  • no west intervention, Janos Kadar appointed, reforms introduced but did not leave W.P.
35
Q

What were the results of Hungary 1956 (in terms of international relations)? (6)

A
  • Hungary strictly controlled by communists
  • warning to satellite states to not mess with USSR
  • ‘peaceful coexistence’ Khrushchev seemed meaningless
  • Khrushchev appeared weak, criticised in USSR
  • Eisenhower appeared weak and unwilling to act
  • Cold War intensified
36
Q

Why did the 1958 Berlin standoff happen? (4)

A
  • West Berlin had appeared more attractive than the East - more money
  • between 1949 and 1958, 2 million East Germans crossed
  • demonstrated an avenue for disaffected Eastern Bloc members to go West
  • a lot of propaganda and espionage occurred due to easy passage
37
Q

What did Khrushchev’s 1958 ultimatum state? (2)

A
  • That the West had 6 months to leave West Berlin
  • or the east would block western access to Berlin
38
Q

What were the demands of the ‘Prague Spring’ (April 1968) (7)

A
  • Equal rights,
  • trade with non-communist countries,
  • no censorship of media, more democratic elections,
  • reduced powers for secret police,
  • less state control of economy,
  • freedom of travel and
  • parliament allowed to criticise the government
39
Q

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine and when was it enforced?

A

Proclaimed in 1968

Truman Doctrine in reverse:
- Any Communist country which attempted to make capitalist reforms,
- then other communist countries would act together to prevent this

40
Q

What did Khrushchev do (after the 1958 ultimatum) which seemed to ease tensions?

A

He visited the US in 1959

41
Q

When did Khrushchev reissue his threat of blockading Berlin? Why? (3)

A
  • In 1961 after JFK became president
  • China had criticised him for backing down previously
  • also, Khrushchev thought JFK would be weaker than Eisenhower after the bay of pigs
42
Q

When was the first fence erected on the East/West Berlin border?

A

Aug 13th 1961

43
Q

What was the immediate effect of the Berlin Wall?

A
  • families separated
  • jobs lost
  • no more crossings and no more East Bloc citizens leaving easily
44
Q

What was the situation like in Czechoslovakia in 1968 (pre riots) (3)

A
  • high inflation
  • food shortages
  • decline in living standards
45
Q

How did reformists describe the ‘Prague spring’ reforms?

A

‘Socialism with a human face’

46
Q

What 3 assurances did Dubcek give the Soviets about Czechoslovakian reforms? Why?

A

Czechoslovakia would:
- not leave the Warsaw Pact
- not leave Comecon
- remain in the Eastern Bloc

He did this to emphasise his loyalty to communism and the soviets - stop an invasion

47
Q

Why did the Soviets fear liberal reforms in Czechoslovakia?

A

They feared they would cause instability and would threaten the Soviet security system

48
Q

Which now hardline regimes saw the Prague spring reforms as dangerous

A
  • Poland
  • East Germany
49
Q

Who was the leader of the Soviet Union during the Czechoslovakia crisis in 1968?

A

Leonid Brezhnev

50
Q

Why was Dubcek in such a precarious situation?

A
  • if he backtracked over reforms he risked causing uprisings at home
  • if he continued with reforms, he risked USSR confrontation
51
Q

When did the Czechs and Soviets reach an agreement?

A

Late July 1968

52
Q

How did the Czech invasion pan out? (4)

A
  • 5 Warsaw members involved
  • on 20/21st of August, 400 000 troops entered Czechoslovakia
  • disguised as training manoeuvres
  • before Czech communist conference
53
Q

What name was given to East and West Germany?

A
  • west - FRG - Federal German Republic
  • east - GDR - German Democratic Republic
54
Q

When did riots begin in Hungary?

A

23rd Oct 1956

55
Q

when were tanks removed from Hungary (during protests)

A

28th Oct 1956

GCSE CCEA history unit 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions