Flaws

Question 1

False Analogy

Answer 1

Assuming similarity where there are key differences

Question 2

Anchoring

Answer 2

Rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive (the “anchor”) when making decisions

Question 3

Strawman

Answer 3

Misrepresenting an opponent’s argument and then attacking that misrepresented argument

Question 4

Ad hominem

Answer 4

Attacking the person who made the argument instead of the conclusion of the argument

Question 5

Framing

Answer 5

Don’t give undue weight to what was said first or how something was setup

The way information is presented influences decision-making and perception, even when underlying facts remain the same

Question 6

Relative Fallacy

Answer 6

Assuming that because something is more or less of something it is a lot or a little of that thing

Question 7

Conflating number and percentages

Answer 7

Don’t confuse number for percentages or percentages for numbers

Using a rate to conclude about total amount or vice versa

Question 8

Fact vs. belief

Answer 8

You can’t deduce beliefs from facts or facts from beliefs

Using a belief or claim to conclude about reality

Question 9

Is vs. Ought

Answer 9

Don’t deduce one from the other

Question 10

Equivocation (Shifting definitions)

Answer 10

Changing the meaning of a word in the of a argument

Question 11

Biased Sample

Answer 11

Concluding from an unrepresentative/biased sample

Question 12

Time Shift

Answer 12

Assuming things don’t change over time

Question 13

Two necessaries

Answer 13

Wrongly assume two necessary conditions must aways exist together

Question 14

Part to whole

Answer 14

Assuming because it is true of the part it is also true of the whole

Question 15

Whole to part

Answer 15

Assuming because it is true of the whole, it is also true of the part(s)

Question 16

False binary/false dilemma

Answer 16

Assuming a limited number of options

Question 17

Appeal to Authority

Answer 17

Assuming a conclusion is true because an authoritative figure said it was true

Question 18

The fallacy fallacy

Answer 18

Assuming because the reasoning that supports the conclusion is bad, the conclusion must be bad

Question 19

Fallacy of incredulity

Answer 19

Assuming something is false because it is difficult to believe, imagine, or understand

Question 20

Appeal to emotion

Answer 20

Assuming emotion adds to validity

Question 21

Circular reasoning (Begging the question)

Answer 21

Using a conclusion to prove itself

Question 22

Causation Fallacy (Post Hoc Fallacy)

Answer 22

Assuming because there is a correlation or temporal relationship, there is a causal

Assumes that because two things occur together, one must cause the other

Question 23

Bandwagon (appeal to popularity)

Answer 23

Assuming just because people believe something it is true