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Flies Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Order?

A

Diptera (2 wings)

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2
Q

Presence of wing ?

A

Adult - yes, one pair
Some - wingless

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3
Q

Feed on?

A

vertebrate blood or on saliva, tears or mucus

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4
Q

IH OF ?

A

helminth and blood protozoan

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5
Q

Alternately feed

A

on feces and on food

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6
Q

Vectors of

A

bacteria, viruses, spirochetes, chlamydia

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7
Q

larvae (maggots)

A

Live on subcutaneous tissues of the skin, respiratory passages, or GI tract of vertebrate host -myisasis

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8
Q

Larvae vs adult

A

different structure and behaviour

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9
Q

lifecycle

A

complex with complete metamorphosis
some are parasites only in larval stages

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10
Q

MORPHOLOGY
DIVISION
SIZE
DIFFERENTIATED THROUGH

A

HEAD, THORAX AND ABDOMEN
SIZE 0.5 MM - 10 MM
is differentiated through wing patter, mouth parts, colour or pattern on thorax and abdomen

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11
Q

Life history

A

Holometabulous life cycle
EGG > LARVAE > PUPAE > ADULTS
Larvae undergo complete metamorphosis - entire body is reorganised and reconstructed
Pupa is a bridge between juvenile and adult. It is metabolically very active - old larval tissue and organs are lost - replaced by adult organ

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12
Q

EGG STAGE

A

Most flies are oviparous where oval eggs laid in batches
A few species are oviviparous where the egg hatch in oviduct and female deposits larvae

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13
Q

Larvae (maggots) stage

A

3-5 larval stages
Soft, legless and segmented
In some species, are parasitic (myiasis)\

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14
Q

Pupae stage

A

Visible external appendages
Develops within a cocoon or puparium

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15
Q

Adult stage

A

Duration of life cycle and length of time adults live vvary between species

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16
Q

Direct pathogenic significance

A

Dermatitis or pruritus (esp in blood-sucking fly)
Hypersensitibity reaction (painful bites) - culicoides in horses
Secondary infection (bite wound provides sites for screw worns (CHRYSOMYIA BEZZIANA)
Downgrading of hides (hypoderma and myiasis)
Blood loss (mosq, tabanids - 0.5 litre blodd per day from one cow)

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17
Q

Indirect pathogenic significance

A

Disturbance (annoyance and irritation)
- stamping behaviour and self-injury
- irritation due to bites and salivation
- peak activity , eg culicoides, mosq - intolerable to human and man
IH to trypanosome, anaplasma and dirofilaria immitis
Disease - trypanosomiasis, anaplasmosis, filariasis
Production loss - milk and meat up to 20% (S. calcitrans)

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18
Q

Examples of nematocera (small mosquito)

A

Culicoides
Aedes
Anopheles
Culex

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19
Q

Example of brachycera ( large fly)

A

Tabanus
Chrysops
Haematopota

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20
Q

Both sexes feeding on blood

A

stable flies, horn flies, buffalo flies, tsese flies, sheep keds and louse flies

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21
Q

Female feeding on blood

A

black flies, sand flies, biting midges, mosquitoes, horse flies, and deer flies

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22
Q

Examples of cyclorrhapha
small to medium mosquito

A

Musca
Stomoxys
Haematobia
Chrysomya

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23
Q

General morphology of nematocera

A

small, slender and delicate
Long filamentous antennae, composed of many articulating segment
Long and narrrow wing with conspicuous longitudinal veins
Pendulous palp with 4 to 5 segment
Female is parasitic and have piercing mouthparts
Egg laid in or near water - aquatic larvae and pupae - larvae are mobile and have recognizable head

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24
Q

Culicoides (Biting Midges-agas)

A

Over 1000 species
Feed on birds and mammals
Painful bites causing pruritic dermatitis (hypersensitivity reaction) in horses
Feed mainly on head and neck hosts
Breed in damp, marshy ground or decaying vegetation
Larvae aquatic lives on edges of lakes, streams, mud holes, etc
Only female are blood feeders
Not strong fliers - stay close to host and breeding sites

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25
Importance of midges
Bites causing itching and swelling Causes allergic dermatitis in horses IH of filarial worms in man and in animals (onchorcerca in cattle and horses) Ih of Leucocytozoon cauleryii in poultry Transmit BT in sheep Transmit fowl pox
26
Culicidae (mosquitoes) Aquatics breeders
Feed on nectar and plant juices but females need initial blood meal for ovarian development and between each egg batch
27
Importances of culicidae
Cause considerable nuisance and reduced productivity, exhibit severe hypersensitivity reaction - secondary bacterial infection. More important to man (malaria, dengue fever and various form of encephalitis
28
Life cycle of culicidae
4 larval stages Aquatic- distinct head with 1 pair of antennae Hatch depends on temperature Pupae are at water surface, mobile and coma-shaped Adult short lifespan - female(2-3w) , male shorter - string fliers
29
Feeding periods of mosquitos
Culex: nocturnal , active at night Aedes: diurnal, active at day times Anopheles: crepuscular, active at twilight
30
Pathogenic effects of mosquitoes
Annoyance and blood loss Decreased milk and meat production Intermediate host for several parasites a) filarial parasites - Dirofilaria immitis - culex, anopheles (heartworms) b) malaria parasites - Plasmodium juxtanucleare and P. gallinaceum c) mechanical carriers - fowl pox (culex, aedes)
31
Brachycera morphologies
Large flies up to 25 mm long large broad head and bulging eyes with stout antenna 3 segments of antennae with annulation at the last segment Cross vein present at vein Female use slashing sponging mouthparts to pierce skin of host and then feed on pooled of blood (combination of sponging and blood sucking) Eggs on vegetation overhanging mud and shallow water - large larvae - aquatic and mobile - usually found in mud
32
Maxillae function
cut skin and pull blood
33
Labium and labellum function
suck blood
34
Importances brachycera
Bites are deep and painful causing disturbance Mechanical vectors of anthrac, pasteurella, retrovirus, pesti virus, trypanosoma and anaplasma
35
Pathogenic effects of Tabanids
Animal restless - painful bites and irritating Mechanical carriers of: bacterial diseases - anthrax, tularaemia viral diseases - equine infectious tularaemia Protozoan disease - surra (trypanosoma evansi), sleeping sickness (t. brucei), anaplasma marginale
36
Cylorrhapha
Small to medium sized flies Short, 3 segment antennae with last segment have feather like attachment - arista Wings-cross venation Small maxillary palp
37
Sponging mouth parts of cyclorrhapa
Feeding on liquid film Eg: house flies, blow flies and face flies
38
Biting mouthparts of cyclorrhapa
puncture skin and drink blood eg: stable flies, horn flies, tsetse flies
39
Larvae
mobile and worm like > maggots Pupate on ground and immobile
40
Musca ; house fly
m. domestica, m. sorbens Liquid feeders, no piercing mouth parts Nuisance pests of livestock and human
41
Morphology of musca
grey thorax with 4 dark longitudinal stripes abdomen yellow brown
42
Life cycle of musca
Eggs laid in batches about 100-500 every 3-4 days interval In feces, decomposing organic material - larvae hatch within 12 hours 3 Stadia - matured larvae 8-12 mm long (3-4 days) Pupa in dry cool sites near breeding material bury in ground - reddish brown puparium. LC can be completed in 7-10 days
43
Pathology
Closely associated with livestock, humans, buildings and organic wastes Potential transmission of viral, bacterial and parasitic organism (hair, body and regurgitation). Pathogen include thypoid, cholera, tuberculosis, anthrax and conjuctivitis
44
Hematobia
smaller than stomoxys calcitrans, about 4 mm long Palp as long as proboscis Thorax with 2 dark stripes Hovers around face and body of cattle and buffaloes Infestation reahes 1000-4000 flies per animal and to as high as 10,000 to 20000 per animal
45
haematobia (lyperosia) info
Buffalo fly - h. exigua, buffalo and cattle as host smallest blood sucking muscid- greyish like musca but biting fly Both sexes feed several time per day - feed frequently (40x) Close to host, in swarms and fly away only to lay eggs on fresh faeces
46
Effects on hosts
Interferes with grazing period Bites are painful and irritating causing intense irritation and skin wounds may attract myiasis flies Fly specking Blood loss, low milk and meat production by 10-20% Transmit surra, anthtax and HS IH of habronema and stephanofilaria stilesi
47
Stomoxys calcitrans (stable flies)
Resembles musca domestica - similar in size + grey + 4 longitudinal stripes on thorax 7-8 mm long Biting mouthpartss Abdomen shorter and broader than musca domestica Both male and female feed on blood
48
Life cycle
Habitat: in and around farm building Feed: blood, several times a day Rest: walls,fences or trees Eggs: laid in wet straw, old stable bedding or manure laid in batches of 20 to 50, total up to 700 pupation in complete darkness, complete lc in 4 weeks
49
Pathology effects of stomoxys calcitrans
Painful bites, annoying and destructive pest of horses and ruminants May cause 10-15% loss of body weight reductio in milk in some cases up to 40-60% Mechanical transmitter of protozoa (T. evansi, T. brucei, etc (all t.)), bacteria (bacillum anthracis, P. multicoda (HS). Equine infectious anemia IH of Habronema spp. Stomach worm of horses
50
Epidemiological Triad Host
Availability of host Maggot at wound, untreated navel
51
Epidemiological Triad Environment
Depend on species Availability of breeding material and cleanliness Available all year round
52
Epidemiological Triad Agent
Depend on species, breeding sitem feeding material
53
WAYS TO CONTROL FLIES
1. personal protection - repellant, proper clothing 2. Application of insecticides on animals and habitat - dipping, sprays, mist or fogs 3. Habitat modification - altered water flow level - larvae/pupae of nematocera in oil film - constant removal of faeces 4. Sanitation and surveilance - fecal management, food storage, environment and water disposal 5. Baits and traps - light traps, sticky traps, tunnel traps, electrocution 6. Biological (predators, natural competitors, parasites/pathogen) - dung beetle, wasp, aquatic predator 7. Genetic control - gamma radiated pupae, sterilise male 8. Chemicals Benzol - kills maggots Pyrethroids - residual sprays Pyrethrins - short half life Fenoxycarb - insect growth regulator
54
What is myisasis flies
Dipterous insects whose larvae invade tissue and organs of man and animals causing myiasis Adults dont suck blood Grouped according to their ovipositioning and larvapositioning habits
55
Accidental myisasis
Rare chance event of myiasis Accidental ingestion of fly eggs Eg: musca spp, sarcophaga spp
56
Obligatory myiasis
A living host is required to complete development (will not survive without a living host) Eg: scwrew worm flies, bot flies, warble flies
57
Facultative myiasis
Living host tissue is not required to complete development eg: flesh flies, green bottle flies, blue bottle flies, black bottle flies
58
Life history
Egg deposited on animal or vegetation > hatch in 24 hours > 3 larval stages follow (with feeding) > After 3rd stage larva finishes feeding drops off host and finds as suitable place to pupate (usually burrows into the ground) > after pupation, adults emerge (may or may not feed before mating and depositing eggs)
59
Screw-worm myiasis Chyrysomya bezziana
Only species causing cutaneous myiasis in animals, occasionally in man
60
characteristics of chrysomya bezziana
Bluish-green fly with orange-brown eyes Female will only lay eggs on injured skin or body orifices of any warm-blooded animal Are veracious tissue feeders - large foul smelling wounds OBLIGATE PARASITE IN WOUND - feed on living tissue and never developns or carcass or other organic materials
61
Predisposing factors of lalat hijau
wound resulting from dehoning, castration and branding tick and fly bites perineal area of a cow that has recently calved Navel of newborn calves
62
Pathology
C/S irritation, discomfort, pruritus, weight loss, reduced fertility Heavy infestation causes severe tissue damage, hemorrhage, anaphylaxis, toxemia, and or bacterial infections (cause death if not treated)
63
Treatment and control
Occlusion or suffocation - force larvae to surface to search for air - remove them by forceps or tweezers Lidocaine - swelling force larvae to surfaces - easy to be grasped and removed Ivermectin treatment Drench and dip sheep with insecticides toprevent larval growth Wound cleaning - apply myiaseptic cream +nagasunt power and bandage daily wound cleaning and larvae removal Repeated process until wound is free of maggots

Parasitology (3 decks)

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