Flow Of Genetic Information

Question 1

Guanine and Adenine

Answer 1

Purines (double ring)

Question 2

Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA), and Cytosine

Answer 2

Pyrimidines

Question 3

H on 2’ carbon, Pentose sugar found in DNA

Answer 3

deoxyribose

Question 4

OH on 2’ carbon, pentose sugar in RNA

Answer 4

Ribose

Question 5

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

Answer 5

Nucleotide

Question 6

Covalently links adjacent nucleotides

Answer 6

Phosphodiester bonds

Question 7

Directionality of DNA

Answer 7

5’ to 3’

Question 8

Anti-parallel, complementary, double helix

Answer 8

dsDNA

Question 9

Pyrimidine + purine

Answer 9

Complementary base-pairing

Question 10

Products of DNA replication include:
- one strand from original parental molecule
- one newly synthesized strand

Answer 10

DNA replication is semiconservative

Question 11

Place where replication starts, DNA replication occurs in both directions

Answer 11

Origin of replication

Question 12

Duplicated and non-duplicated DNA meet at…

Answer 12

Replication forks

Question 13

The leading strand is synthesized continuously 5’ to 3’

The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in 5’ to 3’ fragments

Answer 13

Each replication fork is semidiscontinuous

Question 14

Fragments from lagging strand

Answer 14

Okazaki fragments

Question 15

Required for separation of strands of dsDNA
- homohexamer
-unwinds DNA
- uses ATP hydrolysis to propel itself along DNA strand

Answer 15

Helicase

Question 16

Stabilize ssDNA and make template available for copying

Answer 16

Single-Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBs)

Question 17

Seals 5’ to 3’ phosphodiester bonds between the Okazaki fragments

ATP consumed and AMP and PPi released as byproducts

Answer 17

Ligase

Question 18

Makes a short stretch of RNA on the DNA template to create free 3’ OH

Answer 18

Primase

Question 19

adds dNTPs to primer and proofreads

Answer 19

DNA Polymerase III

Question 20

DNA Polymerase I

Answer 20

Removes and replaces RNA primer with DNA

Question 21

The proteins involved in DNA replication form one large complex

Answer 21

Replisome

Question 22

Corrects DNA Synthesis

Answer 22

Proofreading- DNA polymerase III

Question 23

RNA is made from DNA template

• copies template strand in 3’ to 5’ direction
• complementary base are added to template strand
  -elongates new RNA strand 5’ to 3’
  -incorporation of NTPs and the release of pyrophosphate (PPi)

Answer 23

Transcription

Question 24

Synthesizes phosphodiester bond to transcribe from 5’ to 3’

Answer 24

RNA polymerase

Question 25

In Bacteria (transcription initiation): RNA polymerase is made of multiple protein subunits that come together at the promoter to form...

Answer 25

RNA polymerase holoenzyme

Question 25

Strand on DNA with same sequence as the mRNA

Answer 25

Coding (Sense) Strand

Question 25

Strand on DNA that is the complement of the mRNA

Answer 25

Template (Antisense) Strand

Question 26

Where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription

Answer 26

Promoter Sequence

Question 27

In Bacteria: subunit that binds to the -10 and -35 promoter regions to bring holoenzyme to the start of the gene; dissociates when transcription begins

Answer 27

Sigma factor

Question 28

Inverted repeats induce G-C rich hairpin formation in nascent transcript RNA pol stalls at hairpin stretch of weak A-U facilitate dissociation

Answer 28

Factor-independent termination (Bacteria)

Question 29

Rho protein binds RNA at rut site RHo moves along RNA toward 3' end while RNA pol stalls Rho moves towards 3' end of transcript and breaks RNA-DNA hybrid thus causing dissociation

Answer 29

Rho-dependent termination

Question 30

Specific DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded. Type of promoter sequence

Answer 30

TATA box

Question 31

In Eukaryotic transcription, assembles with RNA polymerase II at the promoter to form preinitiation complex

Answer 31

General Transcription Factors (GTFs)

Question 32

Eukaryotes: transcribes all protein-coding genes, can't initiate transcription by itself. The c-terminal domain is phosphorylated by TFIIH to initiate transcription

Answer 32

RNA polymerase II

Question 33

GTFs and RNA pol II assemble at the promoter

Answer 33

preinitiation complex

Question 34

result of RNA transcription

Answer 34

pre-mRNA

Question 35

(In nucleus) Converts pre-mRNA to mature mRNA Pre-mRNAs are capped, spliced, and polyadenylated

Answer 35

RNA Processing

Question 36

5' end of mRNA is capped with 7-Meg modified nucleotide with 5' to 5' linkage Adds stability to RNA molecule Required for mRNA export from nucleus Roles in translation

Answer 36

mRNA capping

Question 37

Cleavage and polyadenylation (CP) complex bind to RNA at polyadenylation site mRNA cleaved and Poly-A Polymerase (PAP) adds As to the 3'-OH end Poly-A tail protects mRNA from degradation and influences translation

Answer 37

mRNA Polyadenylation

Question 38

Splices pre-mRNAs

Answer 38

Small Nuclear Ribonuclear Proteins (snRNP) - spliceosomes

Question 39

snRNAs in spliceosomes

Answer 39

ribozymes

Question 40

contain sequence that can be translated into protein

Answer 40

exons

Question 41

will not be translated into protein because they are cut out in a process called splicing

Answer 41

introns

Question 42

Typically at start of intron

Answer 42

5'--GU

Question 43

typically at end of intron

Answer 43

AG --3'

Question 44

Makes up spliceosome

Answer 44

snRNPs

Question 45

CP complex cleaves mRNA Exonuclease Xrn2 digests RNA bound to RNA pol II and causes it to dissociate

Answer 45

(Eukaryotes) Torpedo termination model

Question 46

Elongation factors dissociate after CP complex cleavage RNA pol II undergoes conformational change and dissociates

Answer 46

Allosteric termination model

Question 47

Differentiates Amino Acids

Answer 47

Side chains (r-groups)

Question 48

Links amino acids to form polypeptide

Answer 48

peptide bonds

Question 49

N to C directionality

Answer 49

Polypeptide

Question 50

Linear, directional (N-C) sequence of amino acid subunits connected by covalent peptide bonds

Answer 50

Primary structure

Question 51

Local structure of regions within polypeptide (alpha-helices and beta-sheets) formed by hydrogen bonds between peptide backbone

Answer 51

Secondary Structure

Question 52

Final 3-D structure of single polypeptide formed by covalent and noncovalent bonds between amino acid side chains

Answer 52

Tertiary structure

Question 53

Occurs for proteins that contain more than one polypeptide; formed by covalent and noncovalent bonds between amino acid side chains in polypeptide subunits

Answer 53

Quaternary Structure

Question 54

Final 3D shape of polypeptide chain; deterined by interactions between amino acids that form lowest free energy state

Answer 54

conformation

Question 55

Adaptors between the mRNA codon and amino acid

Answer 55

transfer RNAs (tRNAs)

Question 56

Recognizes the codon of an mRNA

Answer 56

anticodon on tRNA

Question 57

Allows tRNAs to recognize multiple codons

Answer 57

wobble base-pairing

Question 58

"charge" tRNAs with Amino Acids

Answer 58

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

Question 59

Catalytic component of ribosome

Answer 59

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 60

Site on ribosome where tRNAs that have donated their amino acid exit the ribosome

Answer 60

exit site

Question 61

binds the tRNA with growing amino acid chain attached

Answer 61

peptidyl site

Question 62

binds new incoming charged tRNA

Answer 62

Aminoacyl site

Question 63

binds to the mRNA that is being translated

Answer 63

mRNA-binding site

Question 64

(Bacteria) sequence-specific site on mRNA that allows It to be recognized by ribosome

Answer 64

ribosome binding site

Question 65

(Eukaryotes) feature of mRNA that is recognized by proteins that recruit the ribosome

Answer 65

5' cap

Question 66

1. Initiation factors 2. rRNA base-pairs with ribosome binding site 3. Initiator tRNA recognizes start codon

Answer 66

Translation initiation in bacteria

Question 67

1. Ribosome binds to capped 5' end of mRNA 2. Ribosome scans for start codon 3. Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) facilitate translation initiation

Answer 67

Translation initiation in eukaryotes

Question 68

Stop codons not recognized by tRNAs 1. Release factors bind to stop codon through a "peptide anticodon" 2. Release factor catalyzes hydrolysis of the polypeptide from the last tRNA 3. Ribosome subunits dissociate

Answer 68

Translation termination