FLOWERS Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
What type of reproduction is more selectively advantageous in stable environments?
A
Asexual reproduction
2
Q
What type of reproduction can produce progeny that are more fit in less stable environments?
A
Sexual reproduction
3
Q
Benefit of Sexual reproduction?
A
Genetically diverse offspring
4
Q
Benefit of Asexual reproduction
A
Even isolated individuals can reproduce.
5
Q
one of the most common
methods of asexual reproduction
A
Fragmentation
6
Q
Plant Life Cycle is also called:
A
Alternation of generations
7
Q
Plant Life Cycle:
sporophytes produce haploid spores by:
A
Meiosis
8
Q
Plant Life Cycle:
Gametophytes produce gametes by
A
Mitosis
9
Q
Plant Life Cycle:
Microspores develop into microgametophytes that produce?
A
sperm
10
Q
Plant Life Cycle:
Megaspores develop into Megagametophytes that produce
A
Eggs
11
Q
stem with leaf-like structures
A
flower
12
Q
have all four floral
appendages: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.
A
complete flowers
13
Q
flowers that lack at least one appendage.
A
incomplete flower
14
Q
Flower structure:
outermost
floral appendage. protects flower bud as it develops
A
Sepals
15
Q
collective term of sepals
A
Calyx
16
Q
located above the sepals on the receptacle. Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll. Attract pollinators.
A
Petals
17
Q
collective term of petals
A
Corolla
18
Q
petals are present in wind pollinated species - T/F?
A
F
19
Q
occur above petals, male part of the flower
A
Stamens
20
Q
2 parts of stamen, differentiate.
A
Anther and Filament
21
Q
collective term of stamens?
A
Androecium
22
Q
microspores form a resistant cell wall and become:
A
pollen
23
Q
female reproductive part of the flower
A
Carpel
24
Q
parts of carpel, differentiate.
A
Stigma, Style, Ovary − Stigma catches pollen grains. − Style elevates the stigma. − Ovary where megaspores are produced.
25
Within the ____ are placentae bearing small ovules
Ovary
26
The ovule has a central mass of parenchyma called a
Nucellus
27
Develops into a seed after it is fertilized.
Ovule.
28
where do microgametophytes develop from?
Microspores
29
how many cells do microgametophytes consist of?
at most, 3 cells
30
where are microgametophytes located?
at the original pollen cell wall
31
The microspore nucleus
| divides into: (2)
A large vegetative cell.
| − A small generative cell, which divides to form two sperm cells.
32
Pollen lands on the _____ and germinates.
Stigma
33
The pollen that lands on the stigma produces a _______ that penetrates into the stigma and makes it's way into the ovule.
pollen tube.
34
it is produced through division of the megaspore nucleus.
megagametophyte.
35
differentiate the seven cells of the megagametophyte:
- One large central cell with two polar nuclei.
− Three small antipodal cells.
− An egg apparatus consisting of two synergids and an egg.
36
what is plasmogamy?
fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes
37
define karyogamy
fusion of the nuclei
38
where do the 2 sperm Cells go?
One sperm moves through the synergid, loses its protoplasm along the way, to fuse with the egg
nucleus.
the second sperm nucleus migrates into the central cell.
39
what is double fertilization
both sperm nuclei undergo fusions.
40
nourishes the development
| of the zygote.
endosperm
41
grows and
forms a short stalk-like
suspensor. It pushes the embryo deep
into the endosperm.
zygote
42
The end opposite from the suspensor develops two primordia that develop into
one or two cotyledons
43
embryonic root
Radicle
44
embryonic stem
Epicotyl
45
the root/shoot junction
Hypocotyl
46
store nutrients
used during and after
germination.
Cotyledons
47
In monocots, the
| endosperm remains in the mature seed. T/F?
T
48
A mature seed in which
| endosperm is abundant is an _________
albuminous seed
49
If endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity, the
| seed is __________
exalbuminous
50
The integuments that
surround the nucellus
expand and mature into
the
seed coat
51
As the ovule develops
into a seed, the ovary
matures into a
fruit
52
3 layers of fruit, differentiate.
```
exo, meso, endo
The exocarp is the outer
layer—the skin or peel.
− The middle layer is the
mesocarp, or flesh.
− The innermost layer,
endocarp, can be either
tough or quite thin.
```
53
The entire fruit wall is the
pericarp
54
pollination by pollen from a different
| individual.
Cross-pollination
55
pollination by pollen from the same flower
| or another on the same plant.
self-pollination
56
Self-fertilization in flowers
that have both stamens
and carpels is prevented if...
anthers and stigmas
| mature at different times
57
On plants with many
flowers that do not open
simultaneously, older
flowers could be selfpollinated by newly opened flowers of the same plant t/f?
t
58
Self-pollination may be
| inhibited by
compatibility barriers
59
Chemical reactions
between pollen and
carpels that prevent
pollen tube growth
compatibility barriers
60
Some species have distinct individuals that
produce only staminate flowers and others that
produce only carpellate flowers.
dioecious
61
Flowers that lack either stamens and carpels
| essential organs
imperfect flower
62
Flowers that have both stamens and carpels
| essential organs
perfect flower
63
```
the condition
of having staminate
flowers located on the
same plant as the
carpellate.
```
monoecy
64
exhibit dramatic
evolutionary changes.
increased probability of pollination
animal-pollinated flowers
65
flowers are radially
| symmetrical.
Actinomorphic flowers
66
Flowers that coevolved
with animals are often
bilaterally symmetrical,
like their pollinators
Zygomorphic flowers
67
flowers are
easier for animals to
interact with successfully.
Zygomorphic flowers
68
usually
have no petals and reduced or
absent sepals.
Wind-pollinated flowers
69
tend to form
| dense populations that aid pollination.
Wind-pollinated flowers
70
have
fused bases of stamens,
petals, and sepals.
Inferior ovaries
71
the
ovary sits above the other
floral parts.
superior ovaries
72
Intermediate, partially
| buried ovaries
half inferior ovaries
73
Smaller flowers with fewer ovules may be
| grouped together in an _________________
inflorescence
74
The apex is converted to
| a flower, which tends to open before the lower flowers.
Determinate inflorescences
75
The lowest or outermost
flowers open first, and new flowers are being initiated
at the apex.
Indeterminate inflorescences
76
adaptations that result in the protection
| and distribution of seeds
fruits
77
If animals are to disperse the seeds, part of the fruit
| must be? (2)
edible or otherwise attractive.
78
The ____ and ____ must be protected from
| consumption.
SEED & EMBRYO
79
are fruits
containing only ovarian
tissue.
true fruits
80
is used if any non-ovarian
| tissue is present.
accessory / false fruit
81
fruits inedible to animals
dry fruits
82
eaten to distribute seeds
fleshy fruits
83
dry fruits that break open, releasing the seeds.
dehiscent fruits
84
fruits that do not break open to release seeds
indehiscent fruits
85
In grasses, seed and fruit are?
fused together.
86
Fruits of beans and peas are called ?
| they form a single carpel, they dehisce along 2 lines of weakness.
legumes
87
wind-dispersed seeds often have ___ or ____ that carry them in the wind.
wings / parachutes.
88
```
Fruits and seeds that are transported by water
must be (2)
```
buoyant
| resist mildew and rot
89
Pomes (apples, pears) develop from inferior ovaries and are?
accessory fruits.
90
Drupes (peaches, cherries) provide maximum
attraction to animals with minimum danger to
the seed. t/f
t
91
benefits of seeds distributed by animals
```
A seed may be
“deposited” and find
itself in a small (or large)
mound of “organic
fertilizer.”
```
