Fluid And Electrolytes

Question 0

Normal serum levels for sodium

Answer 0

135-145 mEq/L

Question 1

What are some main causes of hyponatremia?

Answer 1

Low-sodium diet, diuretics, excessive sweating. Loss of G.I. fluid, excessive fluid intake

Question 2

What are some of the main signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?

Answer 2

Thirst, elevated body temperature, dry sticky mucous membranes, disorientation, lethargy, seizures, coma

Question 3

Which electrolyte plays a vital role in processes like the transmission of electric impulses, particularly nerve, heart, skeletal, intestinal, and lung. Also assisting in acid-base balance

Answer 3

Potassium K+

Think cardiac rhythm disturbances

Question 4

What are some of the main causes of hypernatremia?

Answer 4

Dehydration, increased intake of salt through diet or excessive IV, renal failure

Question 5

Always think cardiac with which electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 5

Potassium K+

Question 6

Which electrolyte maintains water balance throughout the body and controls and regulates the volume and distribution of ECF?

Answer 6

Sodium Na+

Question 7

What are some main signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?

Answer 7

Anorexia, fatigue, cardiac arrhythmias, increased sensitivity to digitalis, muscle weakness, tender muscles, EKG changes

Question 8

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance?

Vague muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, G.I. symptoms, paresthesias or tender muscles

Answer 8

Hyperkalemia

Question 9

Important in the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates, important in many vital reactions that involve enzymes, maintains normal levels of potassium

Answer 9

Magnesium

Question 10

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance?

Anorexia, fatigue, cardiac arrhythmias, increased sensitivity to digitalis, muscle weakness, tender muscles, EKG changes

Answer 10

Hypokalemia

Question 11

What are your main sources of sodium?

Answer 11

Table salt, cheese, processed foods, snack foods

Question 12

What are some main causes of hypokalemia?

Answer 12

Diarrhea, loss of G.I. fluids, diuretics, steroid use, poor intake

Question 13

What are the main causes of hypomagnesium?

Answer 13

Chronic alcoholism, intestinal malabsorption, diarrhea, NG suctioning, drug therapy

Question 14

What are your main sources of potassium?

Answer 14

Bananas, peaches, oranges, figs, melons, broccoli, potatoes, dried peas and beans, whole grains

Question 15

What are some main causes of hyperkalemia?

Answer 15

High intake, renal failure, shift of potassium out of cells

Question 17

Most abundant electrolytes in body, 99% found in bones and teeth

Answer 17

Calcium

Question 18

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance?

Thirst, elevated body temperature, dry sticky mucous membranes, disorientation, lethargy, seizures, coma

Answer 18

Hypernatremia

Question 19

Found in intracellular, in heart, bone, nerve, and muscle tissues, second most important anion in ICF

Answer 19

Magnesium

Question 20

Helps maintain electrical activity in nervous and muscle tissue

Answer 20

Magnesium

Question 21

Which electrolyte imbalance has signs and symptoms including anorexia, lethargy, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, confusion, muscle cramps and twitching, seizures

Answer 21

Hyponatremia

Question 21

What signs and symptoms would you see with hyponatremia?

Answer 21

Anorexia, lethargy, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, confusion, muscle cramps and twitching, seizures

Question 22

Chief extracellular anion, found in blood, interstitial fluid/ lymph

Answer 22

Chloride

Question 23

Is necessary for strong bones and teeth, necessary for nerve impulse, and blood clotting, a catalyst for muscle contraction, is needed for B12 absorption

Answer 23

Calcium

Question 25

Acts with sodium to maintain osmotic pressure of the blood. Is essential in the production of hydrochloric acid in gastric juices

Answer 25

Chloride

Question 26

Helps maintain the body's acid base balance. Necessary for B vitamins to be effective. Helps promote nerve and muscle action. Plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism and bone and teeth formation

Answer 26

Phosphate PO4

Question 27

What are the main signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?

Answer 27

Vague muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, G.I. symptoms, paresthesias or tender muscles

Question 28

What are the main causes of hypocalcemia?

Answer 28

Dietary deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption, hypoparathyroidism, acute pancreatitis

Question 29

What are the main causes of hypophosphatemia?

Answer 29

Re-feeding after starvation, hyperalignmentation, alcohol withdrawal, diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory alkalosis

Question 30

Which electrolyte transmits nerve impulses and promotes muscle contraction?

Answer 30

Sodium

Question 31

The following signs and symptoms are indications of what electrolyte imbalance? Hypotension, flushing of skin, drowsiness, hyperactive reflexes, muscle weakness

Answer 31

Hypermagnesium

Question 32

Always think neuro with which electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 32

Sodium

Question 33

What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Answer 33

Numbness and tingling of toes and fingers, muscle spasm and cramps, seizures, mental changes, EKG changes

Question 34

What are the main causes of hypercalcemia?

Answer 34

Prolonged immobilization, hyperparathyroidism, large doses of vitamin D, overuse of calcium supplements, thiazide diuretics

Question 35

Chief electrolyte of ECF

Answer 35

Sodium

Question 36

What are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesium?

Answer 36

Neuromuscular irritability, increased reflexes, tremors, seizures, cardiac manifestation, tacky arrhythmias, mental changes, hypertension

Question 38

What are the signs and symptoms of hypophosphatemia?

Answer 38

Cardiomyopathy, acute respiratory failure, seizures, joint stiffness, decreased oxygenation

Question 39

Prolonged immobilization, hyperparathyroidism, large doses of vitamin D, overuse of calcium supplements, thiazide diuretics can cause which electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 39

Hypercalcemia

Question 40

What are the main causes of hypermagnesium?

Answer 40

Renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, excessive administration of magnesium during eclampsia

Question 41

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance? Cardiomyopathy, acute respiratory failure, seizures, joint stiffness, decreased oxygenation

Answer 41

Hypophosphatemia

Question 42

Renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, excessive administration of magnesium during eclampsia can cause which electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 42

Hypermagnesium

Question 43

What are the main causes of hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 43

Renal failure, chemotherapy, large ingestion of milk, excessive fleets enemas, hyperthyroidism

Question 44

The following signs and symptoms are indications of which electrolyte imbalance? Muscle weakness, tiredness, lethargy, renal stones, polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, cardiac arrest, decreased memory

Answer 44

Hypercalcemia

Question 45

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance? Numbness and tingling of toes and fingers, muscle spasm and cramps, seizures, mental changes, EKG changes

Answer 45

Hypocalcemia

Question 45

Renal failure, chemotherapy, large ingestion of milk, excessive fleets enemas, hyperthyroidism can cause which electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 45

Hyperphosphatemia

Question 45

What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?

Answer 45

Muscle weakness, tiredness, lethargy, renal stones, polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, cardiac arrest, decreased memory

Question 46

What are your main sources of calcium?

Answer 46

Milk, cheese, dairy products, dried peas and beans, green leafy vegetables, fortified beverages like OJ

Question 47

What are the signs and symptoms of hypermagnesium?

Answer 47

Hypotension, flushing of skin, drowsiness, hyperactive reflexes, muscle weakness

Question 48

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 48

Tetany, tingling in extremities, long-term calcium deposits in nonosseous sites

Question 49

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance? Tetany, tingling in extremities, long-term calcium deposits in nonosseous sites

Answer 49

Hyperphosphatemia

Question 50

What are your main sources of magnesium?

Answer 50

Found in most foods but especially fish, nuts, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, dried peas and beans, chocolate, and cocoa

Question 51

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance? Neuromuscular irritability, increased reflexes, tremors, seizures, cardiac manifestation, tacky arrhythmias, mental changes, hypertension

Answer 51

Hypomagnesium

Question 52

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance? Anorexia, lethargy, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, confusion, muscle cramps and twitching, seizures

Answer 52

Hyponatremia

Question 53

What are the main sources of chloride?

Answer 53

Found in foods high in sodium, processed food, dairy products, meat

Question 54

What are the main sources of phosphate?

Answer 54

All animal products (meat, poultry, eggs, milk), bread, ready to eat cereal

Question 55

Which electrolyte is regulated by aldosterone and ADH levels, reabsorbed and excreted through the kidneys, with minimal loss through perspiration and feces?

Answer 55

Sodium

Question 56

Which electrolyte is regulated by aldosterone, excreted and conserved through the kidneys, lost through vomiting and diarrhea, and loss triggered by many diuretics

Answer 56

Potassium

Question 57

Calcium and ______________ levels inversely proportional

Answer 57

Phosphorus

Question 58

How is calcium regulated?

Answer 58

Combines with phosphorus to form the mineral salts of the teeth and bones, parathyroid hormone stimulates release of calcium from bones and reabsorption from kidneys and intestines, calcitonin blocks bone break down and lowers calcium levels, absorption stimulated by vitamin D

Question 59

Which electrolyte is ingested in the diet and absorbed through the small intestines, excreted by kidneys, loss may be triggered by diuretics, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and excess alcohol intake

Answer 59

Magnesium

Question 60

Which electrolyte is reabsorbed and excreted through the kidneys along with sodium, regulated by aldosterone and ADH levels, and deficits lead to potassium deficits

Answer 60

Chloride

Question 61

Which electrolyte maintain acid-base balance by functioning as the primary buffer in the body?

Answer 61

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Question 62

Which electrolyte is lost through diarrhea, diuretics, renal insufficiency, and excess is possible if person ingests quantities of acid neutralizers

Answer 62

Bicarbonate

Question 63

When fluid is deposited into extracellular body spaces that do not normally hold large amounts of fluid but in which fluids can accumulate; fluid is useless because it is not available as reserve fluid or to transport nutrients

Answer 63

Third spacing

Question 64

What are some common locations for third space fluid to accumulate?

Answer 64

``` Tissue spaces (edema) Abdomen (ascites) Pleural spaces (pleural effusion) Pericardial space (pericardial effusion) ```

Question 65

Causes of third spacing

Answer 65

Injury or inflammation (increases capillary permeability, allowing fluid, electrolytes, and proteins to leak from blood vessels) Examples: massive trauma, crush injuries, burns, sepsis, cancer, intestinal obstruction, abdominal surgery Malnutrition or liver dysfunction (prevent liver from producing albumin, that's lowering capillary oncotic pressure) Example: starvation, cirrhosis, chronic alcoholism High vascular hydrostatic pressure (pushes abnormal volumes of fluid from vessels) Example: heart failure, renal failure, other forms of vascular fluid overload