Fluid and Electrolytes

Question 1

how much water is ingested in a day?

Answer 1

2100mL

Question 2

how much water is synthesized within the body per day?

Answer 2

200mL

Question 3

how much of body water output per day is insensible(not consciously aware)?

Answer 3

700mL

Question 4

how much of body water output per day is lost by sweat?

Answer 4

0.1 - 2L

Question 5

how much of body water output per day is lost by feces?

Answer 5

100mL

Question 6

how much of body water output per day is lost by the kidneys?

Answer 6

0.5 - 20 L

Question 7

interstitial fluid vs plasma fluid?

Answer 7

both are ECF, interstitial is outside blood vessels and plasma is within

Question 8

is there more ICF or ECF in the body?

Answer 8

ICF

Question 9

ICF makes up what percent of total body weight?

Answer 9

40%

Question 10

ICF divided from ECF by cell membrane which is highly permeable to _____ but impermeable to most _____.

Answer 10

water, electrolytes

Question 11

ECF makes up what percent of total body weight?

Answer 11

20%

Question 12

what fraction of ECF is interstitial and what fraction is plasma?

Answer 12

interstital fluid = 3/4, plasma = 1/4

Question 13

Plasma and interstitial fluid have similar composition except _______ which stay in plasma.

Answer 13

proteins

Question 14

The ionic composition of ICF and ECF is _______ but the total osmotic concentrations are ______.

Answer 14

different, similar

Question 15

what are the 3P’s for ionic composition and for ICF or ECF?

Answer 15

3P’s = protein, phosphate, and potassium which are more abundant in the ICF

Question 16

what two ions are abundant in the ECF?

Answer 16

Na+ and Cl-

Question 17

blood volume makes up what percent of total body weight?

Answer 17

7%

Question 18

what percent of blood is plasma and what percent is RBC’s?

Answer 18

60% plasma and 40% RBC’s

Question 19

plasma volume = ________ X ________

Answer 19

blood volume X (1-Hct)

Question 20

what levels of Hct are normal?

Answer 20

men=0.4 and women=0.36

Question 21

what Hct level is a sign of anemia?

Answer 21

0.10

Question 22

what Hct level is a sign of polycythemia?

Answer 22

0.65

Question 23

describe an ideal substance to use for the measurement of body fluids

Answer 23

evenly disperses, no protein binding, not metabolized, not rapidly excreted

Question 24

what can be used to measure the volume of total body water and why?

Answer 24

antipyrene (b/c it is inert, lipid soluble, and distributes well) and labeled water

Question 25

what can be used to measure the volume of extracellular volume and why?

Answer 25

22Na+ or inulin, they are not taken up into the cells

Question 26

what can be used to measure the volume of plasma and why?

Answer 26

125i-albumin, because proteins such as this cannot leave the vasculature

Question 27

what can be used to measure blood volume and why?

Answer 27

blood volume = plasma volume/(1-Hct)

Question 28

osmosis is known as the net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of ______ water concentration to one with a ______ concentration

Answer 28

high, lower

Question 29

Number of osmotically active particles in a solution

Answer 29

osmole

Question 30

osmolality is measured by....

Answer 30

Osmole/kg water

Question 31

osmolarity is measured by.......

Answer 31

Osmole/L solution

Question 32

a solution with 1mol/L of NaCl will have and osmolarity of what?

Answer 32

2Osmole/L

Question 33

What is the Van't Hoff equation?

Answer 33

osmotic P = CRT

Question 34

Osmotic pressure is _______ proportional to concentration of osmotically active particles in solution

Answer 34

directly, P=CRT

Question 35

what is the difference betwenn osmolarity and tonicity?

Answer 35

osmolarity is regardless of the permeability of solutes while tonicity is dependent upon concentrations of impermeable solutes

Question 36

if you add an isotonic solution of saline to the ECF what will happen?

Answer 36

no osmosis, increase in ECF

Question 37

If you add a hypertonic solution to the ECF, what will happen?

Answer 37

increase in osmolarity, increase in ECF, decrease in ICF

Question 38

If you add a hypotonic solution to the ECF, what will happen?

Answer 38

decrease in osmolarity, increase in ECF and ICF

Question 39

If correct hyponatremia too quickly by giving hypertonic solution, further osmosis of water from cells occurs in what happening to neurons?

Answer 39

demyelination

Question 40

Loss of sodium chloride from ECF

Answer 40

a cause of hyponatremia, hypo-osmotic dehydration

Question 41

Excess water added to ECF

Answer 41

a cause of hyponatremia, hypo-osmotic overhydration

Question 42

Loss of water in ECF

Answer 42

a cause of hypernatremia, hyperosmotic dehydration

Question 43

excess sodium in ECF

Answer 43

a cause of hypernatremia, hyperosmotic overhydration

Question 44

Excessive secretion of aldosterone results in

Answer 44

excess sodium in ECF, hypernatremia

Question 45

Inability to secrete ADH (diabetes insipidus), Kidneys do not respond to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus), and Dehydration results in

Answer 45

Loss of water in ECF, hypernatremia

Question 46

Decreased secretion of aldosterone results in

Answer 46

loss of sodium from ECF, hyponatremia

Question 47

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) results in

Answer 47

excess water added to the ECF, hyponatremia

Question 48

decreased Ca2+ intake, vitamin D deficiency, decreased parathyroid hormone secretion can results in

Answer 48

hypocalcemia

Question 49

excess vitamin D, excess parathyroid hormone secretion, decreased renal K+ excretion can result in

Answer 49

hypercaclemia

Question 50

excess fluid in the tissues

Answer 50

edema