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N158 Nursing Therapeutics > Fluid and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What portion of body fluid is ICF?

A

2/3

(28L)

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2
Q

which is more stable, ICF or ECF?

A

ICF

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3
Q

what is ICF made up of?

A

potassium

phosphate

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4
Q

what portion of body fluid is ECF?

A

1/3 (14L)

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5
Q

two components of ECF

A

interstitial fluid

vascular fluid

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6
Q

what is ECF made of?

A

sodium

chloride

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7
Q

major force in body fluid movement

A

osmosis

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8
Q

major force in IV fluid therapy

A

osmosis

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9
Q

osmosis

A

water moves from areas of low concentration to high concentration

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10
Q

diffusion

A

solutes move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

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11
Q

active transport

A

cell membranes move molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

(against the current)

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12
Q

what does active transport require?

A

ATP

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13
Q

several sugars and amino acids are actively transported in the _____________

A

small intestine

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14
Q

osmolality

A

concentration of solute per kilogram of water

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15
Q

osmolarity

A

concentration of solute per liter of solution

(also called tonicity)

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16
Q

1 liter of water = ? kg

A

1 kg

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17
Q

the higher the osmolality….

A

the greater its pulling power for water

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18
Q

serum osmolality

A

concentration of particles in the plasma

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19
Q

normal serum osmolality

A

285 - 295 milliosmoles per liter

(mOsm/L)

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20
Q

what is the major solute in plasma

A

sodium

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21
Q

what increases serum osmolality?

A

urea (BUN)

glucose

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22
Q

types of pressure involved in capillary fluid movement

A

hydrostatic pressure

oncotic pressure

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23
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pushing force of fluid against the walls of the space its in

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24
Q

oncotic pressure

(colloid osmotic pressure)

A

pulling force of proteins into vascular space

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25
Q

cause of pulmonary edema

A

hydrostatic pressure increases and congests pulmonary capillaries

interstitium is congested

large amounts of fluids are forced into alveolus

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26
Q

6 chemical regulators of fluid balance

A

antidiuretic hormone

aldosterone

glucocorticoids

atrial natriuretic peptide

brain natriuretic peptide

thirst sensation

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27
Q

how much fluid do nephrons of kidney filter out per day?

A

150-180 L/day

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28
Q

when does fluid conservation begin? (kidneys)

A

if body loses 1-2% of fluid

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29
Q

path of ADH

A

hypothalamus

posterior pituitary gland

distal tubules in kidney

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30
Q

what does ADH (vasopressin) do?

A

regulates water

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31
Q

what is the key assessment for fluid status?

A

weight

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32
Q

how many mL/pound?

A

500mL/pound

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33
Q

what condition causes ADH to be excreted (in order to conserve water)? (3)

A

drop in blood pressure

drop in blood volume

rise in blood osmolality

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34
Q

What conditions cause ADH to be inhibited?

(in order to excrete water)

A

rise in BP or blood volume

then a drop in blood osmolality

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35
Q

what are the major functions of ADH

A

vasoconstriction

regulates water

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36
Q

where is aldosterone secreted from

A

adrenal gland

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37
Q

main actions of aldosterone

A

kidneys retain Na and water

excretes K

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38
Q

what does aldosterone do if there is a drop in BP/blood volume/Na and an increase in K?

A

reabsorbs Na (water follows)

then blood volume increases

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39
Q

what does aldosterone do if there is a rise in BP/blood volume/Na and a decrease in K?

A

excretes Na (water follows)

then blood volume decreases

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40
Q

where is cortisol released

A

adrenal gland

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41
Q

what are glucocorticoids released in response to?

A

stress

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42
Q

what do glucocorticoids do?

A

cause kidney retain sodium and water

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43
Q

when is ANP released?

A

when atria is stretched (caused by high blood volume)

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44
Q

main actions of ANP

A

lower BP and blood volume

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45
Q

4 actions of ANP

A

vasodilation

decreases aldosterone

decreases ADH

increases GFR (more urine production and water secretion)

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46
Q

when is BNP released

A

when ventricles are stretched

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47
Q

what does BNP do and 3 ways it does it?

A

lowers blood volume and BP

  • vasodilation
  • decreases aldosterone
  • diuresis of water and sodium
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48
Q

key lab to monitor heart failure

A

BNP

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49
Q

receptors in hypothalamus detect ______ change

A

1 mOsm/L

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50
Q

how long does it take fluid to be absorbed and distributed

A

30-60 minutes

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51
Q

2 main sources of sensible water loss

A

kidneys (1500 mL)

intestines (100 mL)

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52
Q

sources of insensible water loss

A

skin (600 mL)

lungs (400 mL)

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53
Q

how to calculate fluid needs (simple)

A

30 mL/kg/day

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54
Q

how to calculate daily fluid intake (longer)

A

100 ml/kg for first 10 kg

50 ml/kg for next 10 kg

20 ml/kg for any additional kg

(also 4-2-1 method for hourly)

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55
Q

isotonic fluid volume defecit

A

fluid and solute is lost proportionally

(most common)

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56
Q

hypotonic fluid volume loss

A

more electrolytes lost than water

(decreased plasma osmolality)

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57
Q

hypertonic fluid volume defecit

A

more water lost than solute

(increased plasma osmolality)

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58
Q

5 causes of isotonic fluid loss

A

low fluid intake

excessive GI fluid loss

excessive renal loss

excessive skin loss (sunburn, sweating)

third space loss

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59
Q

third space loss

A

when too much fluid leaves blood vessels and goes into interstitial space

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60
Q

5 causes of hypertonic fluid deficit

A

inadequate fluid intake

prolonged/severe isotonic loss

watery diarrhea

diabetes insipidus

increased solute intake

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61
Q

define orthostatic hypotension

A

decrease of 20mmHg

decrease of 10 mmHg

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62
Q

kidney output per hour

A

30 mL

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63
Q

specific gravity amt

A

> 1.030

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64
Q

direct measurement of fluid status

A

arterial lines

pulmonary artery catheters

central venous catheter

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65
Q

central venous pressure (amt)

A

2-8 mmHg

or

2-6 cm H2O

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66
Q

typical serum sodium level

A

135-145 mEq/L

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67
Q

what should ratio of HCT to HgB be?

A

1:3

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68
Q

what is the first choice intervention for replacement therapy?

A

oral rehydration

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69
Q

fluids with same osmolality of normal plasma

A

isotonic

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70
Q

used to expand volume quickly

A

isotonic fluid

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71
Q

replaces ECF and electrolyte losses

A

isotonic fluid

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72
Q

types of isotonic fluid

A
  • 0.9% NaCl (normal saline)
  • ringer’s solution
  • lactated ringer’s solution
  • 5% dextrose in water
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73
Q

why is 5% dextrose not preferred for isotonic defecit?

A

body uses dextrose quickly then becomes just water

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74
Q

provides fluid replacement with no net movement

A

isotonic fluids

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75
Q

colloid fluids vs crystalloid fluids

A

colloid cause H2O shifts and are larger molecules

crystalloids dont

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76
Q

fluids that fix hypertonic deficit (low fluid, high solute)

A

hypotonic fluid

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77
Q

fluid with lower osmolality than normal plasma

A

hypotonic fluid

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78
Q

fluid used to prevent/treat cellular dehydration

A

hypotonic fluid

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79
Q

fluid that is contraindicated in acute brain injuries

why?

A

hypotonic fluid

no compensation mechanisms - causes cerebral edema

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80
Q

fluids that require frequent VS, LOC, and circulation monitoring

A

hypotonic fluids

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81
Q

types of hypotonic fluid

A

1/2 NS (0.45% sodium chloride solution)

1/4 NS (0.225% sodium chloride solution)

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82
Q

fluids that fix hypotonic defecits (high fluid, low solute)

A

hypertonic fluids

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83
Q

fluid with higher osmolality than normal plasma

A

hypertonic fluid

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84
Q

fluid that is almost always used with an infusion pump and given in limited doses

A

hypertonic fluid

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85
Q

fluids that require frequent, close monitoring

A

hypertonic fluid

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86
Q

types of hypertonic fluids

A
  • 3% sodium chloride
  • 5% sodium chloride
  • D10W (10% dextrose in water)
  • 50% dextrose
  • D5 1/2NS, D5NS, D5LR, D5 1/4NS
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87
Q

a proportional gain in fluid and solute

A

isotonic fluid excess

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88
Q

excess vascular fluid volume or excess interstitial fluid volume

A

isotonic fluid excess

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89
Q

5 causes of isotonic fluid excess

A

heart failure

renal failure

excess intake

high corticosteroid levels

high aldosterone levels

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90
Q

hypervolemia and edema

A

isotonic fluid volume excess

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91
Q

water intoxication

A

hypotonic fluid excess

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92
Q

excess fluid where more fluid is gained than solute

A

hypotonic fluid excess

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93
Q

FVE where serum osmolality falls

A

hypotonic

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94
Q

7 causes of hypotonic FVE

A

plain water irrigations

hypotonic IV fluids

too much plain water intake

diluted formula (infants)

SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH)

psychogenic polydipsia

severe/prolonged FVE with existing diseases

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95
Q

4 assessments of FVE

A

bulging fontanels

high CVP with venous engorgement (JVD)

third spacing

vital signs

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96
Q

3 types of third spacing

A

peripheral edema

pulmonary edema

ascites

97
Q

5 signs of pulmonary edema

A

hacking cough

clear white sputum

moist crackles at base

decreased O2 sats

cyanosis

98
Q

abnormal vital signs associated with FVE

A

bounding pulse

increased respiratory rate

increased BP

S3 gallop

99
Q

4 causes of edema

A

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

decreased capillary oncotic pressure

lymph obstruction/removal

sodium excess

100
Q

what causes increased capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

hypertension and hypervolemia

101
Q

what can cause decreased capillary oncotic pressure (5)

A

decreased albumin

injury

inflammation

malnutrition

liver dysfunction

102
Q

why would lymph destruction/removal cause edema?

A

lymph removes interstitial fluid

103
Q

5 ways to promote excretion for FVE

A

diuretics

hBNP

digoxin

ACE inhibitor

protein intake (increases oncotic pressure)

104
Q

attracts chloride

A

sodium

105
Q

responsible for water balance

A

sodium

106
Q

can exchange for K+

A

sodium

107
Q

major cation in ECF

A

sodium

108
Q

3 regulators of sodium

A

kidney tubules

aldosterone

ADH

109
Q

How does sodium affect the neuromuscular system? (2)

A

stimulates nerve and muscle fiber impulse transmission

^ neuromuscular response

110
Q

hyponatremia

what causes sodium to shift from ECF to ICF?

A

decreased plasma volume (osmosis)

ADH

aldosterone

111
Q

2 complications of hyponatremia

A

edema

cerebral edema → nerve demyelination

112
Q

2 actual causes of hyponatremia

A

inadequate intake (NPO)

body fluid loss

113
Q

4 relative causes hyponatremia

A

hyperglycemia

SIADH

irrigation with hypotonic fluids

medications

114
Q

how does hyperglycemia cause hyponatremia?

A

glucose is osmotic → pulls water from cells

dilutes serum of sodium

115
Q

why does SIADH cause hyponatremia?

A

increased ADH → retain a lot of water

dilutes serum of sodium

116
Q

4 medications that increase risk of hyponatremia

A

tricyclic antidepressants

SSRI

DDAPV/desmopressin (ADH analogue)

MDMA

117
Q

clinical manifestations of hyponatremia with hypovolemia (4)

A

low BP

tachycardia

pale, dry skin

thirst

118
Q

4 clinical manifestations of hyponatremia with hypervolemia

A

high BP

bounding pulse

edema

weight gain

119
Q

clinical manifestations of hyponatremia with hypovolemia or hypervolemia (10)

A

lethargy, weakness

headache, dizziness, confusion

agitation, seizures

vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps

120
Q

hyponatremia

what is indicated if urine sodium is +20 mEq/L?

A

renal

SIADH

121
Q

hyponatremia

what is indicated if urine sodium is under 10 mEq/L?

A

CHF

cirrhosis

nephrotic syndrome

122
Q

hyponatremia

possible results of serum chloride

A

decreased (chloride goes with sodium)

123
Q

BUN and HCT if hyponatremic and hypervolemic

A

decreased

(hemodilution)

124
Q

interventions for hyponatremia and hypovolemia

A

fix the ECF deficit (isotonic fluids)

125
Q

interventions for hyponatremia and hypervolemia

A

treat underlying cause

osmotic diuretic (Mannitol)

126
Q

why migh Mannitol specifically be used for condition of hyponatremia + hypervolemia?

A

risk for cerebral edema

works specifically on brain and pulls fluid off it (osmosis)

127
Q

interventions for acute hyponatremia

A

hypertonic solution + loop diuretic

(make sure fluid and electrolytes are removed from kidneys)

128
Q

hyponatremia

what is the fastest rise in sodium that can occur safely?

what happens if its too fast?

A

12 mEq/L in 24 hours

can cause demyelination in brain

129
Q

what happens to cells during hypernatremia?

A

they shrink and dry up (including the brain)

130
Q

neuro activity during hypernatremia​

A

increases

thirst mechanism tries to respond

131
Q

5 actual causes of hypernatremia

A

ingesting too much

hyperaldosteronism

corticosteroids

renal failure

given the wrong fluids

132
Q

6 relative causes of hypernatremia

A

NPO

^ metabolism

watery diarrhea

hyperventilation

insensible loss (burns)

diabetes insipidus

133
Q

2 conditions that increase cell excitability

A
  • hypernatremia*
  • hyperphosphatemia*
134
Q

causes water to move out of brain cells and into other cells

(condition)

A

hypernatremia

135
Q

Cardiac symptoms of hypernatremia (3)

A

tachycardia

HTN

low cardiac contractility

136
Q

skin during hypernatremia (4)

A

dry

sticky

flushed

rough/dry tongue

137
Q

GU during hypernatremia (2)

A

thirst

increased urine output

138
Q

GI during hypernatremia (2)

A

watery diarrhea

nausea

139
Q

slow rise of hypernatremia

A

can be asymptomatic most of time

140
Q

middle rise of hypernatremia

A

restless

weak

141
Q

severe rise in hypernatremia

A

lethargy

stupor

coma

(increased excitability, then poop out)

142
Q

urine output of hypernatremia

A

increased

143
Q

chloride during hypernatremia

A

possibly elevated

144
Q

serum osmolality during hypernatremia

A

+290 mOsm/kg

145
Q

BUN and HCT during hypernatremia

A

elevated

146
Q

5 medications that contain sodium that may cause hypernatremia

A

ASA

alka seltzer

sodium bicarbonate

cortisone

salt water

(anything that ends in “sodium”)

147
Q

2 interventions for hypernatremia

A

lower sodium intake

promote excretion (loop and thiazide diuretics)

148
Q

interventions for hypernatremia + euvolemia

A

water

identify cause

149
Q

interventions for hypernatremia + hypovolemia

A

NS then D5W

(overall balance, then balance hypernatremia)

150
Q

interventions for hypernatremia + hypervolemia

A

remove whatever is causing excess

diuretics

water

151
Q

shifts with H+ to maintain blood pH

A

potassium

152
Q

major cation in ICF

A

potassium

153
Q

kidneys cannot conserve _______ but they can conserve _______

A

hydrogen

potassium

154
Q

hormone that enhances K+ excretion in kidneys

A

aldosterone

155
Q

needed for action potentials in muscles and neurons

A

potassium

156
Q

electrolyte that is needed to maintain cardiac rate and rhythm

A

potassium

157
Q

electrolyte needed for smooth muscle action and skeletal muscle contraction

A

potassium

158
Q

repolatization of nerves increases/decreases as ______ increases/decreases

A

potassium

159
Q

where is most of potassium stored

A

muscle cells

160
Q

how do insulin and epinephrine/catecholamines affect potassium?

A

they increase its uptake into cells

161
Q

5 actual causes of hypokalemia

A

not enough intake

too much renal loss (kidney failure; hyperaldosterone)

too much GI loss (NG suction, new ileostomy, N/V)

loop diuretic without K supplement

black licorice root

162
Q

relative causes of hypokalemia

A

alkalosis (K goes into cells and H comes out)

increased insulin

tissue repair

163
Q

when do symptoms of hypokalemia appear (unless drop is rapid)

A

drops below 3.0 mEq/L

164
Q

3 cardiac symptoms of hypokalemia

A

arrhythmias

risk of Digoxin toxicity

orthostatic hypotension

165
Q

1 respiratory symptom of hypokalemia

A

metabolic alkalosis

166
Q

3 renal symptoms of hypokalemia

A

can’t concentrate urine

low specific gravity

polyuria

167
Q

3 neuromuscular signs of hypokalemia

A

less deep tendon reflex

muscle weakness

lethargy

168
Q

2 GI symptoms of hypokalemia

A

hypoactive bowels

constipation

169
Q

2 CNS effects of hypokalemia

A

slower repolarization

need more stimuli to create a response

170
Q

EKG changes of hypokalemia

A

ST depression

flat/inverted T wave

171
Q

why can’t serum potassium be the only assessment to determine hypokalemia?

A

K+ moves in and out of cells constantly

172
Q

pH and bicarbonate levels with hypokalemia

A

elevated

173
Q

glucose with hypokalemia

A

elevated

174
Q

chloride, magnesium, and calcium levels with hypokalemia

A

decreased

(concurrent)

175
Q

what can cause a false high or false normal reading of K+? (4)

A

blood taken from near infusion site of IV K+

recent exercise to muscle

muscle breakdown (ex: tourniquet left on too long)

the blood sample hemolyzes (RBCs release K when destroyed)

176
Q

replacement interventions for hypokalemia

A

diet (KCl salt subs, potatoes, apricots)

supplements

banana bags

177
Q

who should not receive K supplement?

A

if urine output is less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr

possible kidney issue - can’t filter

178
Q

requirements for banana bags

A

ALWAYS IV (never IM)

never more than 20 mEq/hr

179
Q

non-replacement intervention for hypokalemia

A

potassium sparing diuretic

180
Q

who is hyperkalemia rare in?

A

people with normal kidney function

181
Q

myocardium is most sensitive to increased:

A

K+

182
Q

at what level of hyperkalemia would someone experience symptoms after a sudden increase?

A

6 - 7 mEq/L

183
Q

at what level of hyperkalemia would someone experience symptoms after a slow increase?

A

8 mEq/L

184
Q

2 actual causes of hyperkalemia

A

too much intake

reduced excretion

(adrenal problems, renal problems, K sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors)

185
Q

5 relative causes of hyperkalemia

A

cellular release

pseudohyperkalemia (hemolysis)

transcellular shifting

meds

Addison’s disease

186
Q

electrolyte that causes:

contraction of muscles

coagulation

nerve impulses

A

calcium

187
Q

electrolyte inversely related to phosphorus

A

calcium

188
Q

electrolyte that corresponds with magnesium

A

calcium

189
Q

electrolytes controlled by parathyroid hormone

A

calcium (with vitamin D)

phosphorus

190
Q

where is calcium stored

A

99% in skeleton

1% in blood

191
Q

3 ways calcium can be found in ECF

A

protein bound (albumin)

chelated (combines with citrate, phosphate, sulfate)

ionized/free (50%)

192
Q

cellular effects of low serum calcium

A

increases sodium movement across cell membrane

depolarization occurs more easily and inappropriately

193
Q

different presentation between acute hypocalcemia and chronic

A

acute - life threatening

chronic - body adjusts

194
Q

5 causes of hypocalcemia

A

can’t mobilize calcium from bones (like with low parathyroid)

low intake

protein deficiency or increased protein binding/chelation

weird renal losses

4 units of blood in one day

195
Q

why would 4 units of blood in one day cause hypocalcemia?

A

too much citrate

chelate with existing calcium

196
Q

4 neuromuscular signs of hypocalcemia

A

nerves/muscles overstimulated

parasthesias/cramps/spasms

trousseau’s sign

chvostek’s sign

197
Q

trousseu’s sign

A

hand flips when you pump up BP cuff

(hypocalcemia)

198
Q

Chvostek’s sign

A

brush hand on side of face and mouth twitches

hypocalcemia

199
Q

cardiac symptoms of hypocalcemia

A

weak/thready pulse

prolonged ST and QT interval

low BP

200
Q

GI symptom of hypocalcemia

A

increased parastalsis → cramps/diarrhea

201
Q

why does hypocalcemia cause low BP?

A

constant stimuli of nerves → get overwhelmed

202
Q

what condition may you see changes in bones?

A

hypocalcemia

203
Q

if someone has hypocalcemia why should you still be careful with digoxin?

A

low calcium often coincides with low K+

204
Q

drug therapies for hypocalcemia

A

tums

phosphorus (brings calcium back into bones)

205
Q

nutrition therapy for hypocalcemia

A

calcium or vitamin D supplements

206
Q

2 environmental interventions for hypocalcemia

A

decrease stimulation

seizure precautions

207
Q

little changes in which electrolyte have big effects?

A

calcium

208
Q

how does hypercalcemia affect tissue sensitivity?

A

makes tissues more excitable

(heart, muscles, nerves, intestinal smooth muscles the most)

209
Q

how does hypercalcemia affect the way blood clots?

A

faster clotting time

inappropriate clots

210
Q

what must be determined in order to treat hypercalcemia?

A

total plasma calcium and ionized plasma calcium

211
Q

2 causes of hypercalcemia

A

regulatory hormones (parathyroid) are used up

kidneys can’t remove excess

212
Q

4 reasons that may cause excess of calcium that kidney’s can’t remove

A

eating too much calcium/vitamin D

bone destruction

disuse syndrome (calcium releases from bones)

meds (lithium, thiazide diuretics)

213
Q

4 cardio symptoms of hypercalcemia

A

first increase in HR and BP—-then decreased

shortened QT interval

dysrhythmias

hypertension

214
Q

4 symptoms of hypercalcemia

A

muscle weakness

altered LOC

less peristalsis

risk for DVT

215
Q

6 interventions for hypercalcemia

A

hydrate

Normal Saline (increases kidney secretion)

calcitonin (inhibits bone release of calcium)

loop diuretics (promotes calcium excretion)

calcium chelaters

dialysis

216
Q

why can’t you give ringer’s lactate or antacids to someone with hypercalcemia?

A

contain calcium

217
Q

needed to make ATP

A

phosphorus

218
Q

condition that causes low energy metabolism

A

hypophosphatemia

219
Q

7 causes of hypophosphatemia

A

malnutrition

antacids (high calcium)

  • hyperparathyroidism*
  • hyperglycemia*

alcoholism

hypercalcemia

chronic diarrhea

220
Q

why would chronic diarrhea cause hypophosphatemia?

A

phosphorus is absorbed in small intestine

221
Q

4 symptoms of hypophosphatemia

A

ataxia/confusion/seizures

weakness/stiffness/bone pain (depletion of ATP)

platelet dysfxn, weird WBC formation

peripheral pulses hard to find

222
Q

3 replacements for hypophosphatemia

A

oral phosphorous

milk/dairy products

IV

****prevention

223
Q

symptoms of hyperphosphatemia

A

^ membrane excitability

happens with hypocalcemia

(rare with fxning kidneys)

224
Q

6 causes of hyperphosphatemia

A

low kidney excretion

tissue injury (releases)

hypoparathyroidism

tumor lysis syndrome

OD of phosphate laxatives (fleet)

any kind of cell destruction (releases ATP)

225
Q

where is most magnesium stored

A

bones and cartilage

226
Q

8 actions of magnesium

A

skeletal muscle contraction

CHO metabolism

making ATP

activates vitamins

cell growth

blood coagulation

smooth muscle relaxer

anticonvulsant

227
Q

magnesium’s relationship with potassium

A

interdependent

Mg contributes to arrhythmias that happen with hypokalemia

228
Q

causes of hypomagnesemia

A

low absorption or increased excretion

diarrhea

[malnutrition

alcoholism

celiac/chrone’s

diuretics

DKA

NG suctioning]

229
Q

5 symtoms of hypomagnesemia

A

muscle weakness

tremors/athetoid movements/nystagmus (inc. transmissions)

tachycardia

HTN

arrhythmias

230
Q

what meds should be D/C’d with hypomagnesemia

A

loop/osmotic diuretics

aminoglucocide

231
Q

interventions for hypomagnesemia

A

IV mag-sulfate

MOM

calcium replacement

232
Q

neuro effect of hypermagnesemia

A

excitable membranes need more stimulus to respond

233
Q

causes of hypermagnesemia

A

increased intake or low excretion

(too many antacids, laxatives)

234
Q

2 interventions for hypermagnesemia

A

promote excretion if theres no renal failure

prevention

235
Q

what does chloride work with in the ECF?

A

sodium

236
Q

what does chloride form/where?

A

hydrochloric acid in stomach

237
Q

chloride shift

A

exchanges in cells (most often with bicarb)

decreases plasma chloride

238
Q

2 causes of chloride imbalance

A

imbalance of other electrolytes (usually sodium, sometimes K)

lost with vomiting/prolonged suctioning

N158 Nursing Therapeutics (8 decks)

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