Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards
(37 cards)
1
Q
1st Spacing
A
-normal distribution of ICF and ECF
2
Q
2nd Spacing
A
- build up of ECF (edema)
3
Q
3rd Spacing
A
- build up in part of body that is not easily exchange with ECF
- Signs- weight gain, less UO, edema
4
Q
Age concerns with fluids
A
- structure changes of kidney= cant conserve a lot of water
- decreased ADH, ANP
- less subQ = more moisture lost
- reduced thirst
5
Q
Hypovolemia
A
- diarrhea, fistula drainage, hemorrhage, polyuria, plasma to ECF
6
Q
Hypervolemia
A
- excessive intake
- abnormal fluid retention (CHF, renal failure)
- ECF to plasma
7
Q
Respiratory Fluid Overload
A
- dyspnea, cough, crackles
8
Q
Resp Fluid Deficit
A
- tachypnea b/c less perfusion
9
Q
Sodium functions
A
- Helps maintain ECF concentration
- Important in generation of nerve impulses
- Acid-base balance
10
Q
How is sodium balanced?
A
- By kidneys, execrating or retaining water
- (ADH) Aldosterone reabsorbs Na
11
Q
Hypernatremia causes
A
- water deficiency/ impaired LOC
- ADH deficiency
- Osmotic diuresis (increased peeing)
12
Q
Hypernatremia manifestations
A
-lethargy, agitation, seizures, and coma
13
Q
Hypernatremia Management
A
- dilute Na with salt free hypotonic solution
- diuretics to excrete Na
14
Q
Hyponatremia causes
A
- diarrhea, vomiting, NG suction, diuretics
- CHF
- Excess ADH
15
Q
Hyponatremia manifestations
A
-confusion, N&S, seizures and coma
16
Q
Hyponatremia Management
A
- fluid restriction
- small amount of IV hypertonic saline (NaCl)
- if r/t abnormal fluid lose, give NS
17
Q
Potassium functions
A
- transmission and conduction of nerve impulses
- Normal cardiac rhythm
- muscle contraction
- Acid-base
18
Q
Hyperkalemia causes
A
- increased intake
- impaired excretion
- shift from ICF to ECF (acidosis)
19
Q
Hyperkalemia manifestations
A
- weak/paralyzed muscles (legs)
- leg cramps
- bradycardias/ cardiac stand still
- Peaked T wave
- abdominal cramping and diarrhea
20
Q
hyperkalemia management
A
- stop K intake
- increase elimination of K
- force K out of ECF with IV insulin or Na
- Ca gluconate counteracts cardiac effects
21
Q
hypokalemia causes
A
- dietary deficiency
- too much loss
- diuretics
- GI losses
- ECF-> ICF (alkalosis)
22
Q
hypokalemia manifestations
A
- tachy/bradycardaia
- makes digoxin more toxic
- increased U wave
- skeletal muscle weakness
- muscle cell breakdown
23
Q
hypokalemia management
A
- replace
- teach prevention (diet)
24
Q
Calcium functions
A
- transmission of nerve impulses
- myocardial contraction
- blood clotting
- formation of teeth and bones
- muscle contraction
25
hypercalcemia causes
- hyperparathyroidism
- malignancy
- Vit D overdose
- prolonged immobilization
26
hypercalcemia manifestations
- bad memory
- confusion
- disorientation
- fatigue
- constipation
- kidney stones
27
hypercalcemia management
- excrete Ca with loop diuretic
- hydrate with isotonic saline
- synthetic calcitonin
- mobilization
28
Hypocalcemia causes
- decreased production of PTH
- acute pancreatitis
- multiple blood transfusions
- Alkalosis
- less intake
29
hypocalcemia manifestations
- + trousseaus or Chvostek's sign
- laryngeal stridor tetany
- dysphagia
- tingling around the mouth or in the extremities
30
hypocalcemia management
- treat cause
- supps
- treat pain and anxiety to prevent hyperventilation
31
magnesium functions
- coenzyme in metabolism of protein and carbs
- factors that regulate Ca influence Mg
- acts directly on myoneural junction
- cardiac function
32
hypermagnesemia causes
- increase intake or ingestion with renal insufficiency or failure
33
hypermagnesemia manifestation
- lethargy, drowsiness, N&V, impaired reflexes, somnolence, respiratory and cardiac arrest
34
hypermagnesemia management
- prevention
- IV CaCl or Ca gluconate
- fluids to promote excretion
35
hypomagnesemia causes
- prolonged fasting/starving
- chronic alcoholism
- fluid loss from GI
- prolonged parental nutrition
- diuretics
36
hypomagnesemia manifestations
- confusion
- hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
- tremors
- seizures
- cardiac dysthymias
37
hypomagnesemia management
- oral supplements
| - increased intake
