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Nurs 110 > Fluid and Electrolytes ( Test 2 ) > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolytes ( Test 2 ) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the average percentage of water in an adult male?

A

Around 60%

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2
Q

What are the functions of water in the body?

A

Transports nutrients and wastes, regulates temperature, lubricates membranes, facilitates food digestion.

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3
Q

What is the daily water need for an adult?

A

1.5 - 2.5 liters

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4
Q

What are the two main compartments of body fluid?

A

Intracellular and Extracellular

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5
Q

What are the types of extracellular fluid?

A

Intravascular fluid, interstitial fluid, transcellular fluid.

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6
Q

What are cations?

A

Positively charged ions.

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7
Q

What are the main extracellular cations?

A

Na+, Ca+

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8
Q

What are the main intracellular cations?

A

K+, Mg+, Ca+

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9
Q

What are anions?

A

Negatively charged ions.

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10
Q

What are the main extracellular anions?

A

Cl-, HCO³-

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11
Q

What is the main intracellular anion?

A

P-

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12
Q

What are the mechanisms of transport in the body?

A

Active Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis.

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13
Q

What is osmolality?

A

A measure of solute concentration in body fluids.

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14
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The state of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body to promote healthy survival.

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15
Q

What regulates fluid balance in the body?

A

Kidneys, Heart, Lungs, Brain.

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16
Q

What are the types of solutions based on osmolarity?

A

Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic.

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17
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

A condition of decreased blood volume.

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18
Q

What are the causes of hypovolemia?

A

Insensible water loss, diseases causing increased urination, diuretic therapy, hemorrhage, GI losses, third-space shifting.

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19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypovolemia?

A

Deterioration of mental status, thirst, dry mouth, tachycardia, poor skin turgor, orthostatic hypotension, decreased urinary output.

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20
Q

What is hypervolemia?

A

Excessive retention of water and sodium in extracellular fluid.

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21
Q

What are the causes of hypervolemia?

A

Congestive heart failure, renal failure.

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22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypervolemia?

A

Rapid weight gain, rapid bounding pulse, distended veins, increased BP, edema, pulmonary edema.

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23
Q

What are some nursing interventions for hypervolemia?

A

Assess vital signs, assess for edema, strict intake and output, daily weights.

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24
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

A solution with the same osmolarity as blood plasma, expands extracellular fluid without fluid shifting.

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25
What is a hypotonic solution?
Fluid with less solute concentration than another fluid, dilutes extracellular fluid.
26
What is a hypertonic solution?
Fluid with more solute concentration than another fluid, expands extracellular fluid and draws fluid from intracellular fluid.
27
What is the normal sodium (Na+) level?
135-145 mEq/L
28
What is the role of sodium in the body?
Maintains fluid balance and transmits impulses in nerve and muscle.
29
What are the causes of hyponatremia?
Loss of sodium or gain of too much water from vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, or diuretics.
30
What are nursing interventions for hyponatremia?
Safety precautions, intake and output monitoring, daily weight, assess skin turgor.
31
What is hypernatremia?
Sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L.
32
What are the signs of hypernatremia?
Twitching, restlessness, intense thirst, pulmonary and peripheral edema.
33
What are the causes of hypernatremia?
Decreased fluid intake, water loss from diuretics, fever, heat stroke, diarrhea.
34
What are nursing interventions for hypernatremia?
Decrease sodium intake, monitor urine output, intake and output monitoring, daily weights.
35
What is the normal level of Potassium (K+)?
3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L
36
What are the major functions of Potassium (K+)?
Regulates the cells' electrical neutrality, aids neuromuscular transmission of nerve impulses, assists with skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction.
37
What is Hypokalemia?
<3.5 mEq/L
38
What are the symptoms of Hypokalemia?
Skeletal weakness, U wave (EKG change), Constipation, Toxic effects of Digoxin, Irregular pulse, Numbness.
39
What are the causes of Hypokalemia?
GI losses (vomiting, diarrhea, gastric suction), Renal losses (diuretics).
40
What are the nursing interventions for Hypokalemia?
Administer K+ supplements (oral or IV), Educate about foods high in K+ (dried fruit, bananas, orange juice, apricots).
41
What is Hyperkalemia?
> 5 mEq/L
42
What are the symptoms of Hyperkalemia?
Tall peaked T-wave, Weak lower extremities, Anxiety & irritability, V-fib & dysrhythmias, EKG changes.
43
What are the causes of Hyperkalemia?
Renal failure, Excess K+ intake, Patient taking excess K+ and receiving K+ sparing diuretics.
44
What are the nursing interventions for Hyperkalemia?
Limit oral K+ intake, Administer Kayexalate (oral, NG, rectal).
45
What is the normal level of Calcium (Ca+)?
Total 8.9-10.5 mg/dl, Ionized 4.5 – 5.6 mg/dl
46
What is the relationship between Calcium and Phosphorus?
Inverse relationship.
47
What are the functions of Calcium (Ca+)?
Provides rigidity and strength to bones and teeth, Necessary for neuromuscular activity.
48
What is Hypocalcemia?
< 8.9 mg/dl or < 4.5 mg/dl (ionized)
49
What are the symptoms of Hypocalcemia?
Twitching to face (Chvostek’s sign), EKG changes (V-Tach), Trousseau’s sign, Anxiety & confusion, Numbness to extremities & mouth, Laryngeal spasms.
50
What are the causes of Hypocalcemia?
Inadequate calcium intake, Impaired calcium absorption, Excessive calcium loss.
51
What are the nursing interventions for Hypocalcemia?
Encourage diet high in calcium and vitamin D, Administer phosphate-binding antacids, Administer calcium gluconate.
52
What is Hypercalcemia?
>10.5 mg/dl or > 5.6 mg/dl (ionized)
53
What are the symptoms of Hypercalcemia?
Moans (gastrointestinal conditions), Stones (kidney-related issues), Groans (psychological conditions), Bones (bone pain and related conditions).
54
What are the causes of Hypercalcemia?
Metastatic disease of bone (cancers), Hyperparathyroidism.
55
What are the nursing interventions for Hypercalcemia?
Administer fluids to decrease risk of renal stones and constipation, Limit intake of calcium, Encourage hydration (3000-4000ml per day), Life-threatening levels require dialysis.
56
What is the normal range of Magnesium (Mg+)?
1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L
57
What are the functions of Magnesium (Mg+)?
Aids in neuromuscular activity.
58
What is Hypomagnesemia?
<1.3 mEq/L
59
What are the symptoms of Hypomagnesemia?
Irregular CNS (confusion/seizures), Labored respiratory, Rapid rate, Irritates myocardium, Three Ts (twitchy, tremors, and tetany), Anorexia, Trousseau's and Chvostek's sign, EKG signs.
60
What are the causes of Hypomagnesemia?
NG suction, Diarrhea, Burn patients, Alcoholism, Sepsis.
61
What are the nursing interventions for Hypomagnesemia?
Administer Mg++ supplements, Foods high in Magnesium, If severe IV mag will be administered (monitor patient for hypotension, cardiac or respiratory arrest).
62
What is Hypermagnesemia?
>2.1 mEq/L
63
What are the symptoms of Hypermagnesemia?
Slow shallow respirations (respiratory depression), Lethargy to coma, Out of steam (hypoactive DTR’s), Weak pulse, decreased cardiac function, to cardiac arrest.
64
What are the causes of Hypermagnesemia?
Renal failure.
65
What are the nursing interventions for Hypermagnesemia?
Administer IV fluids, Restrict magnesium foods and drugs, Administer calcium gluconate.
66
What is the normal range of Phosphorus (P)?
2.5 – 4.5 mg/dl
67
What is the relationship between Phosphorus and Calcium?
Inverse relationship.
68
What are the functions of Phosphorus (P)?
Neuromuscular activity (contraction of muscles, maintaining the regularity of the heartbeat, and nerve conduction).
69
What is Hypophosphatemia?
<2.5 mg/dl
70
What are the symptoms of Hypophosphatemia?
Lethargy & confusion, Osteomalacia & Rhabdomyolysis, Weak muscles (respiratory, heart, & body).
71
What are the causes of Hypophosphatemia?
Absorption issues, Associated with alcoholism and malnutrition, Diuretic usage.
72
What are the nursing interventions for Hypophosphatemia?
Administer Phosphate (oral, IV), Increase dietary intake.
73
What is Hyperphosphatemia?
>4.5 mg/dl
74
What are the symptoms of Hyperphosphatemia?
Decreased mental status, Anorexia, Neuromuscular irritability, Chvostek’s & Trousseau’s sign, Extremity tingling (fingers & toes).
75
What are the causes of Hyperphosphatemia?
Chronic renal failure, Hypoparathyroidism.
76
What are the nursing interventions for Hyperphosphatemia?
Restrict phosphorus-containing foods (meat and milk) and drugs, Administer phosphate-binding antacids, Dialysis, Diuretics to promote excretion.
77
What is the normal range of Chloride (Cl)?
98 – 108 mEq/L
78
What is the relationship between Chloride and Sodium?
Direct relationship.
79
What is Hypochloremia?
<98 mEq/L
80
What are the symptoms of Hypochloremia?
Seizures, coma, Muscle cramps, Arrhythmias, Respiratory arrest, Twitching, tetany, & hyperactive DTR’s.
81
What are the causes of Hypochloremia?
GI losses (vomiting, diarrhea), NG suction and drainage, Burns, Diuretic therapy.
82
What are the nursing interventions for Hypochloremia?
Monitor LOC, Vitals, Administer Chloride replacement (oral, IV).
83
What is Hyperchloremia?
> 108 mEq/L
84
What are the symptoms of Hyperchloremia?
Weakness, Active heart (dysthymias), Lethargy, Coma.
85
What are the causes of Hyperchloremia?
Hypernatremia, Increased chloride retention by the kidneys.
86
What are the nursing interventions for Hyperchloremia?
Monitor vitals (cardiac rhythm, resp rate), Monitor I&O.

Nurs 110 (3 decks)

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