Fluid and Gas Transport (Respiratory Overview) Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What 4 parts is your respiratory system composed of?
A
Upper Respiratory
Lower Respiratory
Conducting Pathway
Gas Exchange
2
Q
What is your upper respiratory tract composed of?
A
Nose Nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses Pharynx (throat) Larynx *these are all part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system
3
Q
What does your nose do?
A
Moistens
Filters
Speech
4
Q
What do the paranasal sinuses do?
A
Reduce skull weight
Moisten
Filter
Sound
5
Q
What is the purpose of the pharynx?
A
Pathway for air and food (Throat)
6
Q
What is the purpose of your larynx?
A
Voice box
Prevents food from entering lower respiratory(epiglottis)
7
Q
What is your lower respiratory tract composed of?
A
Conducting airways
Trachea
Bronchi
8
Q
What are your conducting airways composed of?
A
Trachea
Bronchi
Up to terminal bronchioles
9
Q
What is your trachea composed of?
A
Rigid cartilage
(windpipe) moves air
10
Q
What makes up your bronchial tree?
A
Primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
11
Q
What is your respiratory portion in your lower respiratory tract?
A
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
12
Q
What are respiratory bronchioles?
A
Small pathways to alveolar ducts
13
Q
What are alveolar ducts?
A
Pathway to alveoli
14
Q
What are alveoli?
A
A part in your lungs where gas exchange occurs
millions in each lung
15
Q
What is part of your respiration regulation?
A
Brainstem (medulla oblongata and pons)
Chemoreceptors in carotid
Stimulus to breath (excess of carbon dioxide)
16
Q
What is hypoxic drive?
A
Low arteriole oxygen becomes the stimulus to breath when CO2 chemoreceptors become desensitized (as in emphysema)
17
Q
What are the primary muscles in the respiratory system?
A
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Accessory muscles
18
Q
Divided into 2 lobes by obliques fissures
Smaller than the right lung
Cardiac notch accommodates the heart
A
Left lung
19
Q
Divided into 3 lobes by obliques and horizontal fissure
Located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side
A
Right lung
20
Q
A serous membrane coving the lungs and the plural cavity
A
Pleura
21
Q
Where is the visceral pleura located?
A
Lungs
22
Q
Where is the parietal pleura located?
A
Thoracic side
23
Q
What is the space between the membranes called?
A
Plural cavity
24
Q
What is the fluid within the pleural cavity called?
A
Pleural fluid (prevents friction)
25
What brings oxygen-poor blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
26
What caries oxygen-rich blood away from the lungs to the left atrium?
Pulmonary vein
27
What is responsible for blood nutrient supply to the lungs?
Bronchial arteries
28
What carries waste away from the lungs?
Bronchial veins
29
Movement of air in and out of the lungs
Ventilation
30
What are two parts of ventilation?
Inhalation and exhalation
31
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
Respiration
32
What is external respiration?
Alveolar to capillary exchange
33
What is internal respiration?
Capillary tissue exchange
34
What are several systems responsible for delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
Hematologic
Cardiovascular
Respiratory systems
35
What delivers oxygen to tissues and removes waste?
Cardiovascular and respiratory systems
36
What are some alterations of poor circulation?
Congestive heart failure
Myocardial Infarction
Hyerlipidemia
37
What provides blood cells?
Hematopoietic system
38
What is directly related to the amount of oxygen in blood?
Red blood cell production
39
What are some alterations of poor red blood cell production in the body?
Anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Thalassemia
40
What are some factors affecting ventilation?
Rate
Rhythm
Depth
41
What gives the ability for lung tissue to recoil?
Lung elasticity
42
What give the lungs the ability to expand?
Lung compliance
43
What developmental stage has smaller airways, immature CNS, and immune system?
Infants
44
Which developmental stage has insufficient surfactant?
Preterm infants
45
Which developmental stage has upper respiratory infections due to larger adenoids and tonsils and daycare exposure?
Toddlers
46
Which developmental stage has asthma, viral infections, and smoking?
School age
47
Which developmental stage has a respiratory rate decline, vital and volume capacity increase and their eustachian tubes become more angled?
Adolescence
48
Which developmental stage has smoking, asthma, and frequent health care visits?
Adolescence
49
Which developmental stage has an increase in smoking and life stressors, less exercise, surgery, and infection?
Adults
50
Which developmental stage has reduced lung expansion, reduced chemo receptor response, less effective cough, diminished immune system, and GERD?
Elderly
51
What is a risk for infection?
Stress
52
What is a hypersensitivity to an agent?
Allergic reaction
53
Which allergic reaction causes a release of histamine?
Hay fever
54
Which allergic reaction causes bronchoconstriction?
Asthma
55
What are some environmental factors that influence your respiratory system?
Air quality
Altitude
Temperature
Humidity
56
What are some lifestyle factors that influence your respiratory system?
Pregnancy
Occupational hazards
Nutrition
Exercise
57
What is the cause of respiratory depressants risk for aspiration and death?
Substance abuse
58
What causes reduced airflow and increased inflammation in your lungs?
Smoking
59
What is a major cause of cancer, emphysema, and COPD in your lungs?
Smoking
60
What is carcinogen?
Second hand smoke
61
What are some medications that inhibit respiratory system?
Anesthesia
Anti anxiety
Opioids
Sedatives
62
What are some medications that promote the respiratory system?
Bronchodilatiors
Suppressants
Expectorants
Anti inflammatories
63
What is a name of an upper respiratory infection?
Influenza (viral)
64
What is a name of a lower respiratory infection?
Pneumonia (bacterial, viral, and fungi)
65
What are some things that cause pulmonary system alterations?
Fractured ribs
Fluid on the lungs
Pneumothorax
66
What are some circulatory disease processes?
Pulmonary embolism
| Pulmonary hypertension
67
What are some disease processes of the central nervous system?
Trauma
Stroke
Spinal cord injury
68
Normal breath rate (12-20 breaths per minute)
Eupnea
69
Fast breath rate and shallow depth (greater than 24 bpm)
Tachypnea
70
What are common causes of tachypnea?
Asthma
Anxiety
Choking
71
A slow breath rate (less than 10 bpm)
Bradypnea
72
What are common causes of bradypnea?
Narcotics
Brainstem injury
Hypothyroidism
73
What is an increased depth when you're breathing?
Hyperpnea
74
What are some common causes of hyperpnea?
Emotional stress
| Diabetic ketoacidosis
75
A sensation of difficult breathing (subjective)
Dyspnea
76
What would you need to do when a patient has orthepnea?
Need to elevate to breathe
77
What is the absence of breathing?
Apnea
78
What is reduced oxygen/air increase in carbon dioxide?
Hypoventilation
79
What are some common causes of hypoventilation?
Narcotics
Brainstem injury
Hypothyroidism
80
What is a fast rate depth in excess carbon dioxide loss?
Hyperventilation
81
What are some common causes of hyperventilation?
Anxiety
| Pulmonary embolism
82
What is the name for low arterial oxygen?
Hypoxemia
83
What is the name for low oxygen available for tissues?
Hypoxia
84
(late sign) Bluish or grayish color of skin, nails, lips, or around the eyes?
Cyanosis
85
What can occur anywhere along the respiratory path?
Obstructed airway
86
What is occurring during snoring?
A partial obstruction
87
What is happening during no chest movement?
Complete obstruction
88
Food secretions and objects can get lodged in what part of the respiratory tract?
Upper airway tract
89
What part of the respiratory tract can mucus and inflammatory exudate occur?
Lower airway tract
90
What is a cough that lasts less than three weeks?
Acute cough
91
What is an example of an acute cough?
Cold
Flu
Acute bronchitis
92
What is a cough that lasts longer than three weeks?
Chronic cough
93
What is an example of an acute cough?
Allergies
COPD
Smoking
Asthma
94
During the cough reflex nerve impulses are sent through the _________ to the medulla
Vagus nerve
95
Approximately how many liters of inspiration occurs during the cough reflex?
2.5 liters
96
What part of the upper respiratory system closes and opens during the cough reflex?
Epiglottis
| Glottis
97
What muscles dramatically raise pressure in the lungs during the cough reflex?
Abdominal and internal intercostal muscles
98
What diagnostics indicate oxygen carrying ability?
CBC
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
99
What is the exposure and antibody formation?
TB skin test
100
What is a culture diagnostic?
Sputum
101
What is arterial blood oxygen saturation? Invasive or non invasive?
Pulse oximetry, non invasive
102
What measures carbon dioxide? Invasive or non invasive?
Capnography, non invasive
103
What measures the air in and out of the lungs? Invasive or non invasive?
Spirometry, non invasive
104
What measures the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood? Invasive or non invasive?
ABG's, invasive
105
What measures exhaled air? Invasive or non invasive?
Peak flow monitor, non invasive
106
What measures your lung volume capacity?
Pulmonary function tests
107
What is the volume per each breath?
Tidal volume
108
What is the extra inhalation volume?
Inspiratory reserve volume
109
What is the extra exhalation volume?
Expiratory reserve volume
110
What is it called when you add TV + IRV + ERV?
Vital capacity
111
What is the time of forced exhalation?
Forced expiratory volume
112
What medication suppresses a cough?
Antitussives
113
What is an example of an antitussive?
Dextromethorphan (Robitussin)
114
What type of medication breaks down mucus?
Mucolytics
115
What is an example of a mucolytic?
Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
116
What type of medication increases bronchial secretions?
Expectorants
117
What is an example of an expectorant?
Guaifenesin (Mucinex)
118
What are some things you would teach a client about respiratory management?
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Smoking cessation
Weight management
Exercise
Vaccines
Screening tests
Heimlich maneuver
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