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Pathobiology Exam 2 > Fluid and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Fluid and Hemodynamics Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is Edema? What is Edema a pointer to?

A

Accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues; Cardiac failure (Right) or Renal failure

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2
Q

Total Body Mass

A

40% Solid, 60% Water - 2/3 Intracellular Fluid, 1/3 - Extracellular Fluid - 80% Interstitial Fluid and 20% Plasma

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3
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

Left Ventricular Heart Failure

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4
Q

Inflammatory VS Non-Inflammatory Edema

A

Inflammatory - Increased vascular permeability, Exudate; Non-Inflammatory - Hemodynamic cause, Transudate

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5
Q

Increased Hydrostatic Pressure Cause

A

Impaired Venous Return - CHF, Thrombosis (DVT); Arteriolar Dilation - Heat, Neurohumoral dysregulation

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6
Q

Reduced Plasma Osmotic Pressure

A

Decreased synthesis - Hypoproteinemia, Cirrhosis (Ascites), Protein malnutrition; Increase loss - Nephrotic syndrome, Protein losing glomerulopathy/gastroenteropathy

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7
Q

Lymphatic Obstruction

A

Inflammation, Neoplasm (Orange Peel), Axillary node resection, Node scarring, Microorganisms

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8
Q

Sodium Retention

A

Renal hypoperfusion, RAAS

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9
Q

Hyperemia VS Congestion

A

Hyperemia - Active, Excess blood supplying organ, Active, Erythema, Red tissue, O2; Congestion - Passive, Abnormal accumulation of fluid (blood), Passive, Cyanosis,

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10
Q

Lung Congestion

A

Acute - Engorged alveolar capillaries, Pulmonary edema; Chronic - Macrophages fill with Hemosiderin, Fibrotic and thick septa

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11
Q

Liver Congestion

A

Acute - Distended central vein and sinusoids, Peripheral cells better oxygenated; Chronic Passive - Central regions are red/brown and less cellular or necrotic (Right side failure, Shock)

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12
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Escape of blood from vessels into tissue
Inherit - Hemophilia, von Willebrand Disease
Acquired - Warfarin therapy, Liver failure, Vit K deficiency, DIC

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13
Q

Petechiae

A

1-2mm, Focal hemorrhage, Non-raised

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14
Q

Purpura

A

3-5mm, Focal hemorrhage, Flat or Raised

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15
Q

Ecchymosis

A

1-2cm, Widespread Petechiae

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16
Q

Hematoma

A

Localized collection of blood in tissue, organ or space

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17
Q

Hemopericardium

A

Blood in pericardium, Rupture of aorta, heart

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18
Q

Hemothorax

A

Blood in pleural cavity, Trauma or Aortic rupture

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19
Q

Hemoperitoneum

A

Blood in peritoneal cavity, Rupture of aorta, spleen, liver

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20
Q

Hemoarthrosis

A

Blood in joint space, Bleeding disorder, Trauma

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21
Q

Hemorrhage Color

A

Early = Hemoglobin (Black and Blue)
1st Day = Bilirubin (Blue and Red)
1-2 Days = Biliverdin (Blue and Green)
3-4 Days = Biliflavin/Hemosiderin (Yellow/Brown)

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22
Q

HHT VS Purpura

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A

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome)- Vascular hamartoma, Dilated veins, Endoglin mutation (HHT1), ALK-1 gene mutation (HHT2) VS does not disseminate w/pressure

23
Q

CREST Syndrome

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A 
Acrosclerosis
Calcinosis Cutis
Raynaud's Phenomenon (Diminished blood in digits)
Esophageal dysfunction
Sclerodactyly (Soft tissue atrophy)
Telangiectasia
24
Q

Spider Angioma

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A

Nevus Araneus - Liver disease

25
Thrombosis
Mass of blood in vascular system, Lower jelly layer and Upper clear "chicken fat" layer w/even platelets
26
Virchow's Triad
Endothelial Injury, Abnormal Blood flow, Hypercoagulability;
27
Genetic Thrombosis Risk Factors
Factor V (Leiden) Mutation - Hypercoagulation, Prothrombin mutation, Increase Factor VIII, IX, XI or Fibrinogen, Antithrombin III deficiency, Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency
28
High Risk Acquired Thrombosis Factors
Immobilization, Myocardial Infarction, Atrial Fibrillation, Tissue Injury, Cancer, Prosthetic Cardiac valves, DIC, Heparin Induced Thrombocytolpenia, Antiphospholipid Antibody syndrome
29
Low Risk Acquired Thrombosis Factors
Cardiomyopathy, Nephrotic Syndrome, Hyperestrogenic states, Oral contraceptive, Sickle cell anemia, Smoking
30
Predispositon to Thrombosis - Artery
Atheroma, Aneurysm
31
Predispositon to Thrombosis - Vein
Slow flow, Stagnation; Hypercoagulation
32
Predispositon to Thrombosis - Atrium
Atrial Fibrillation (Stasis), Mitral Valve Stenosis
33
Predispositon to Thrombosis - Heart Valve
Inflammation by Infection
34
Predispositon to Thrombosis - Ventricle
Inflammation by Infarction, Ventricular aneurysm
35
Predispositon to Thrombosis - Cerebral venous sinus
Inflammation by Infection, Hypercoagulability
36
Arterial VS Venous Thrombi
Arterial Thrombi - Atherosclerotic plaque, Injury site or vessel bifurcation, Retrograde, Prominent Lines of Zahn, Non-occlusive aortic and cardiac, Rapid flow, Distal infarction; Venous Thrombi - Stasis to Valvular damage by trauma or occlusion, With flow, Red, Occlusive from edema, thrombrophlebitis, Embolism
37
Vegetations on Heart Valves
Non-Bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis, Infective Endocarditis (Strept), Verrucous (Libman-Sacks) Endocarditis - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
38
Deep Vein VS Varicose Vein Thrombosis
DVT - Pain and Edema, Embolize, Stasis and Hypercoagulation; Varicose Vein Thrombosis - Congestion, Ulcer, Rare embolize
39
DIC
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - Widespread clotting cascade, Fibrinolytic mechanism
40
Thrombophelbitis Migrans
Trousseau Syndrome - Thrombosus appear and reappear, Pancreatic cancer, Consumptive coagulopathy
41
Embolus
Detached mass that may lodge - Atherosclerotic debris, Heart valve vegetation, Tumor fragment, Amniotic fluid, Gas, Fat, Foreign particles
42
Pulmonary Embolism
Most common, DVT, Pass right side of heart to vessels
43
Systemic (Arterial) Embolism
Left side of heart, Major arteries
44
Non-Thrombotic Embolism
Fat Emboli - Trauma with bone fracture, Burn, Soft tissue injury; Air Emboli - Gas bubbles and Nitrogen bubbles; Amniotic Embolism - Respiratory distress to DIC
45
Infarction
Ischemic death of tissue in body - Causes: Arterial thrombosis or embolism, Atheromatous plaque, Dissecting aortic aneurysm, External compression, Testicular or ovarian torsion, Venous obstruction or Congestion
46
Alternative and Non blood supply organs
Dual: Lungs, Liver, Hands, Forearms End: Kidney, Spleen, Retina
47
Infarction in most tissues
Inflammation - Ischemic coagulative necrosis (Heal by fibrosis); Liquefactive necrosis in brain
48
Shape of Infarcts
Lungs: Wedge Kidney: Triangle Spleen: Irregular Brain: Fluid cyst
49
Shock
Vascular collapse, Multi organ failure (Liver, Kidney, CNS)
50
Types of Shock
``` Cardiogenic Hypovolemic (Blood loss) Septicemic/Septic/Endotoxic (Infection) - Arterial vasodilation, Venous pooling, Endothelial activation, DIC, Cytokines Neurogenic (Dilated veins) Anaphylactic (Dilated veins) Obstructive (Artery) Traumatic Hypoadrenal ```
51
Early Non-Progressive Shock
Reversible, Reflex compensatory mechanism and vital organ perfusion, Neurohumoral, Tachycardia, Vasoconstriction, Cool, clammy skin
52
Progressive Shock
Damage but Reversible, Hypoperfusion, Anaerobic glycolysis - Decrease pH - Dilated arteries and Blood pool, Tachypnea, Fail organs, Confusion, Decline urine
53
Irreversible Stage
NO survival, Lysosomal enzyme leak, Decrease myocardial contractility, Ischemic Bowel disease, Acute tubular necrosis, Ischemic encephalopathy, Shock lung, Central hemorrhagic necrosis

Pathobiology Exam 2 (3 decks)

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