Fluid Balance

Question 1

What does ADH hormone regulate?

Answer 1

Retain water

Question 2

What does angiotensin II do?

Answer 2

Stimulates adrenal gland to release more aldosterone and can cause construction of blood vessels- in term causes raises in BP

Question 3

Which way does hydrostatic pressure move fluid?

Answer 3

Out of the blood vessel

Question 4

Which way does plasma colloid osmotic pressure move fluid?

Answer 4

Into the vessel

Question 5

Where are bedridden patients dependent edema located?

Answer 5

Lowest points, so back of the body

Question 6

Is hypermia an active or passive process?

Answer 6

Active

Question 7

What is hyperemia caused by?

Answer 7

Inflammation or exercise of skeletal muscles

Question 8

What does hyperemia blood look like?

Answer 8

Red (erythematous) due to influx of oxygenated blood

Question 9

Is congestion active or passive?

Answer 9

Passive

Question 10

What causes congestion?

Answer 10

Obstruction of venous return

Question 11

What does congested blood appear as?

Answer 11

Cyanotic or reddish blue due to accumulation of deoxygenated hemoglobin

Question 12

A man develops a blood clot in his right lower leg, is this hyperemia or congestion?

Answer 12

Congestion

Question 13

A man blushed during a meeting is this hyperemia or congestion?

Answer 13

Hyperemia

Question 14

What causes exudate?

Answer 14

Inflammation

Has a high protein level

Question 15

What is transudate?

Answer 15

Filtrate of plasma

Has a low protein level, not due to inflammation

Question 16

What is the most common cause of right heart failure?

Answer 16

Pulmonary hypertension secondary to LHF

Question 17

What are the clinical features of right sided heart failure

Answer 17

JVD, dependent pitting edema, congestion of the liver causing cirrhosis (cardiac cirrhosis), portal hypertension, ascites

Question 18

Petechiae

Answer 18

Small pinpoint hemorrhages into the skin, mucosal, or aerosol surfaces

Caused by
increased intravscular pressure
Decreased platelets
Endothelial cell injury

Question 19

Purpura

Answer 19

A bit bigger than Petechiae and same causes
0.3-1 cm

Question 20

Ecchymoses

Answer 20

> 1 cm bruises caused by trauma and coagulopathy

Question 21

What is the factors for significance of hemorrhage?

Answer 21

Amount, rate, and location

Question 22

Primary Hemostasis

Answer 22

Platelets and von willebrand factor

Question 23

Secondary hemostasis

Answer 23

Plasma coagulation factors (fibrin)

Question 24

What is the ideal surface for the coagulation cascade?

Answer 24

Phospholipid surface on the activated platelet membrane

Question 25

What is required for the coagulation cascade?

Answer 25

Calcium

Question 26

Where are most coagulation factors made?

Answer 26

Liver

Question 27

What vitamin do several factors require for synthesis ?

Answer 27

Vitamin k

Question 28

What lab measures the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 28

PTT

Question 29

What lab checks the extrinsic pathway?

Answer 29

PT

Question 30

What is in the common pathway?

Answer 30

Think small bills V, X, II, and I

Question 31

If you have immediate bleeding after brushing your teeth which disorder do you have, primary or secondary?

Answer 31

Primary- you see immediate bleeding and mucocutaneous bleeding

Question 32

If your patient has a deep tissue hemorrhage which disorder do they most likely have, primary or secondary hemostasis?

Answer 32

Secondary- they have delayed bleeding and deep tissue hematomas

Question 33

Disorders of primary hemostasis

Answer 33

Thrombocytopenia Platelet dysfunction (med induced or inherited) Von willebrand disease

Question 34

Disorders of secondary hemostasis

Answer 34

Inherited hemophilia A or B Acquired (warfarin or liver disease) Acquired coagulation factor inhibitors