Fluid Electrolyte

Question 1

Intracellular Compartment ICF

Answer 1

Contains 2/3 of body water in healthy adults
Larger of the 2 compartments
Major Cation K+

Question 2

Extracellular Compartment ECF

Answer 2

Contains 1/3 of body water
Contains all fluid outside the cells
Major cation : Na+

Question 3

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 3

pushes water out of the capillary into the interstitial space

Question 4

interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Answer 4

pushes water into the capillary

Question 5

Capillary colloidal osmotic pressure

Answer 5

pulls water back into the capillary

Question 6

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 6

made in hypothalamus

affects kidneys to hold H2O

Question 7

Aldosterone

Answer 7

affects kidneys and what is being excreted in urine

Retains sodium and H20 and excretes potassium

Question 8

Renin Angiotensin System

Answer 8

a critical regulator of blood volume and systemic vascular resistance.

composed of three major compounds: renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone

It can retains sodium and water
or
excrete potassium

Question 9

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 9

Monitors calcium levels and responds appropriately

1. promotes release of calcium in bone
2. helps further to activate vitamin d
3. stimulates calcium and magnesium conservation by the kidneys while increasing phosphate exrection

Question 10

Vitamin D

Answer 10

converted by kidneys into functional

essential to absorb calcium from GI tract

Question 11

Calcitonin

Answer 11

inhibits calcium levels by preventing bone breakdown

tells the body not to give up calcium

Question 12

Threshold Potential

Answer 12

critical level to which a membrane must be depolarlized to initiate an action potential

Question 13

capillary permability

Answer 13

edema

Question 14

Hypovolemia

Answer 14

exists when a net loss of sodium and water (eg, via skin, gut, or kidney) leads to ECF volume depletion.
IE : to little volume on board

Question 15

Causes of Hypovolemia

Answer 15

inadequate fluid intake, excessive, GI Renal losses, excessive skin losses, third space losses

Question 16

hypervolemia

Answer 16

to much fluid in your body

excessive sodium or fluid intake in relation to output

Question 17

Causes of Hypervolemia

Answer 17

renal issues , heart failure, liver failure

Question 18

Acid - Base is mainly concerned with 2 ions

Answer 18

hydrogen (H+)

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Question 19

Acids release

Answer 19

Acids release H+ when dissolved in water

Question 20

Bases bind

Answer 20

Bases bind free H+ in water

Question 21

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer 21

Increased vascular volume

Increased venous obstruction

Question 22

Increased vascular volume =

Answer 22

Increased vascular volume =  how much pressure are in your vascular system 
heart dx
kidney dx
pregnancy 
venous obstruction

Question 23

Increased venous obstruction =

Answer 23

Increased venous obstruction = talking about exit, back up of traffic, they are fluid overloaded
liver dx
acute pulmonary edema
venous thrombosis (clot)

Question 24

Decreased capillary Osmotic (oncotic) Pressure edema

Answer 24

Decreased capillary Osmotic (oncotic) Pressure
increased loss of plasma proteins
typically have liver disease

Question 25

types of edema

Answer 25

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure edema Decreased capillary Osmotic (oncotic) Pressure edema Increased capillary permeability Obstructed lymphatic Drainage

Question 26

Hyponatremia

Answer 26

low na causes a delay in the depolarization of membranes via Na-K pump causes : maybe due to diuretics ,vomiting ,D manifestations : lethargy, headache wt gain, edema

Question 27

hypernatremia

Answer 27

``` na high causes water deprivation or water loss sodium increases oversecretion of aldosterone patients become twitchy manifestations : thirst, fever, dry mucous membranes, pulmonary edema ```

Question 28

hypokalemia

Answer 28

low K causes : inadequate intake, excessive losses from GI and Renal, and ECF - ICF shift prolongs the rate of repolarization ; have S-T depression patient becomes sluggish lowers resting membrane potential manifestations : weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, glucose intolerance

Question 29

hyperkalemia

Answer 29

high K causes : decreased renal excretion , cellular injury, excessive rapid admin , shifts of K from ICF to ECF T- waves peak patients become twitchy raises resting membrane potential manifestations : neuromuscular excitability increases (cardiac arrest)

Question 30

Calcium

Answer 30

important for bone health, muscle contraction, cardiac and skeletal muscle you must have calcium to clot / activates clotting factors affects threshold potential

Question 31

Hypercalcemia

Answer 31

nerves are less about to fire the start line for threshold is farther ; these people end up being more sluggish causes : cancer , hyperthyroidism manifestations : muscle weakness / flacciditiy, behavior changes, slows down smooth muscle , kidney stones

Question 32

Hypocalcemia

Answer 32

nerves fire more easily the start line for threshold potential is closer; these people tend to be twitchy causes : unable to mobilize Ca from bone, decreased intake or absorption, increased chelation manifestations : skeletal muscle issue (hyperactive), cardiovascular issues (sluggish), weakened bones, fail to respond to drugs

Question 33

Magnesium

Answer 33

cofactor in multiple metabolic reactions | affects cardiac and smooth muscle function

Question 34

hypomagnesemia

Answer 34

causes : alcoholism, insufficent intake, excessive losses, | effects : twitchy

Question 35

hypermagnesemia

Answer 35

causes : renal failure or Mg containing medications | effects : skeletal muscle depression, muscle weakness, respiratory depression, bradycardia

Question 36

compensatory mechanisms for pH balance

Answer 36

Chemical buffer systems immediate Respiratory Response (second line of defense) Renal Control

Question 37

Chemical buffer systems

Answer 37

``` ** immediate** Bicarbonate buffer system proteins transcellular H+/K+ exchange systems bones serve as an additional source ```

Question 38

Respiratory Response (second line of defense)

Answer 38

lungs regulate levels of CO2

Question 39

Renal Control

Answer 39

``` final control has 3 major roles erection of H+ Production of HCO3- Retention of HCO3 ``` long term adjustment reabsorb acids and bases or excrete them in urine produce bicarb

Question 40

respiratory acidosis

Answer 40

the body believes your not getting enough CO2 Manifestations : tachycardia and hypertension transitioning to bradycardia and hypotension, dyspnea, tachypnea, pale or cyanotic skin, anxiety, irritability, dysrhythmias causes : anything that can depress or limit RR ( because your holding onto CO2), sepsis, burns compensation occurs through elimination of acid or through reabsorption of base through kidneys

Question 41

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 41

causes : hypoxemia stimulated by hyperventilation, salicylate toxicity ( aspirin overdose), increased RR, Manifestations increased protein binding of extracellular calcium ,tachypnea, tachycardia possible dysrhythmias compensations kidneys eliminate alkaline or base and pH returns to normal

Question 42

metabolic acidosis

Answer 42

causes: excess production of hydrogen ion(DKA sepsis, burns) , inadequate elimination of hydrogen ion, inadequate production of HCO3 (renal failure, liver failure,dehydration) , or loss of bicarbonate (renal failure, pancreatitis , D) Compensation mechanisms : increase RR, decrease binding of calcium to proteins, depresses neuronal excitability, blood becomes more acidic , respiratory centers stimulated

Question 43

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 43

causes : to much HCO3, oral ingestion of bases, acid loss manifestations : asymptomatic , tachycardia, hypoventilation, dysrhythmias, seizures compensation : short term : RR decreases, kidneys eliminate bicarb