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Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Water moves through semi-permeable membranes by ________.

A

Osmosis

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2
Q

What percentage of water are babies made of?

A

75%

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3
Q

What happens to out water body percentage as we age?

A

We lose water fluid

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4
Q

What organs have the highest and lowest proportion of water?

A

Highest: Brain and Kidney Least: Teeth

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5
Q

______ ________ is all of the fluid enclosed by the plasma membrane( inside a cell). ______ ________ is all fluid surrounding the cell.

A

Intracellular fluid and Extracellular fluid

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6
Q

What percentage of total water is in ICF?

A

60%

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7
Q

Where is most ECF located?

A

Interstitial fluid

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8
Q

What does the ATP in the sodium potassium pump do?

A

Forces Na( sodium) out of the cell and brings in K (potassium) into the cell due to a concentration gradient

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9
Q

______ ________ if force exerted by fluid against a wall which causes movement between compartments

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

Where is hydrostatic pressure important ?

A

Blood vessels and nephrons

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11
Q

How do we regulate water balance ?

A

Osmoreceptors and baroreceptors that send Information to the brain

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12
Q

What is Diuresis?

A

Production of excess urine

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13
Q

A person in dehydration will produce more ___ Than a person with an excess of water.

A

ADH

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14
Q

What are the 6 most important electrolytes?

A

Sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, and phosphate

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15
Q

What is sodium responsible for?

A

Half of osmotic pressure

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16
Q

__________ is lower than normal sodium levels. ________ are abnormally high increase in sodium

A

Hyponatremia, Hypernatremia

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17
Q

What condition is normally associated with excess water accumulation or ingestion?

A

Hyponatremia

18
Q

What is the major intracellular cation that has very little effect in osmotic pressure?

A

Potassium

19
Q

________ is low potassium blood levels and ________ is elevated blood potassium.

A

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia

20
Q

True or False: Potassium and Sodium are opposite to each other.

A

True

21
Q

What is a prominent extracellular anion, major contributor to osmotic pressure, and helps keep fluid electrically neutral?

A

Chloride

22
Q

_________ is low chloride levels and ______ are high blood chloride levels.

A

Hypochloremia and Hyperchloremia

23
Q

What is the second most abundant anion in the blood and maintains the acid-base balance as part of the buffer system?

A

Bicarbonate

24
Q

How is Bicarbonate made? ( Chemical reaction)

A

Carbon Dioxide(CO2) + Water(H2O) -> Carbonic acid( H2CO3) –> breaks down in Bicarbonate ( HCO3) + Hydrogen (H)

25
Q

What is necessary for muscle contractions, enzyme activity, blood coagulation , stabilizes cell membranes and releases neurotransmitters?

A

Calcium

26
Q

Deficient levels of Vitamin __ decrease calcium absorption .

A

D

27
Q

_______ are low blood calcium levels. ________ are high blood calcium levels.

A

Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia

28
Q

What makes up 85% in both and teeth, makes up cell membrane, ATP, nucleotides, and buffers?

A

Phosphate

29
Q

________ are low phosphate levels and ______ are high phosphate levels.

A

Hypophosphatemia and Hyperphoshpatemia

30
Q

A zero on the pH scale is _____, and 14 on the pH scale is _____ and 7 is ______

A

Acidic, Basic, Water( neutral)

31
Q

A basic solution has more _______ ions and something that is acid has more ____ ions

A

Hydroxyl and hydrogen

32
Q

How does the respiratory tract regulate pH?

A

Exhaling CO2

33
Q

How else do we balance our pH.

A

Urination

34
Q

What is the main buffer inside a cell.

A

Protein (66%)

35
Q

What buffers acids and bases?

A

Phosphate

36
Q

What are high blood levels of CO2?

A

Hypercapnia

37
Q

What are low blood levels of CO2?

A

Hypocapnia

38
Q

True or False: Doubling respiratory rate for less than 1 minute can increase blood pH by 0.2 hence we breath more during exercise.

A

True

39
Q

What disorder do you have if your blood pH is below 7.35 and you have symptoms of headache, confusion, lethargy and fatigue?

A

Acidosis

40
Q

What disorder do you have if the blood pH is above 7.45 and have symptoms of cognitive impairment, numbness in extremities , muscle twitching , spasm, Nausea or vomiting.

A

Alkalosis

41
Q

What is a fatal blood pH level?

A

7.8

42
Q

Respiratory system compensates better for ____ than ______.

A

Acidosis than alkalosis

Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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