Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances

Question 1

Antidiuretic Hormone

Answer 1

Controls output through urine (Fluid retention)

Increases reabsorption of water from kidney tubules into blood

Question 2

Aldosterone

Answer 2

Increases reabsorption of sodium (and water)

Question 3

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Answer 3

Reduces reabsorption of sodium (and water)
Promotes sodium/water loss
Reduces BP

Question 4

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 4

Filtration

Fluid move through a filter from higher to lower pressure

Question 5

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 5

Osmosis

Movement of water from low solute to high solute concentration

Question 6

Edema Causes

Answer 6

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Loss of plasma proteins (albumin)
Obstruction of lymphatic circulation
Increased capillary permeability

Question 7

Sodium

Answer 7

Primary cation in extracellular fluid

Question 8

Potassium

Answer 8

Primary cation in intracellular fluid

Question 9

Hyponatremia Causes

Answer 9

Excessive sweating/vomiting/diarrhea
Insufficient aldosterone
Excessive ADH
Excessive water intake

Question 10

Hyponatremia Symptoms

Answer 10

Impaired nerve conduction

Decreased BP (hypovolemia) from fluid shifting into cells

Question 11

Hypernatremia Causes

Answer 11

Insufficient ADH - results in dilute urine

Loss of thirst mechanism

Question 12

Hypernatremia Symptoms

Answer 12

Fluid shit out of cells
Edema
Weakness
Agitation
*Increased BP*

Question 13

Hypokalemia Causes

Answer 13

Excessive losses due to diarrhea
Excessive aldosterone/glucocorticoids
Alkalosis

Question 14

Hypokalemia Symptoms

Answer 14

Cardiac dysrhythmia

Interference with neuromuscular function

Question 15

Hyperkalemia Causes

Answer 15

Deficit of aldosterone

Acidosis

Question 16

Hyperkalemia Symptoms

Answer 16

Cardiac dysrhythmia

Muscles weakness

Question 17

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 17

Increases calcium in blood

Question 18

Calcitonin

Answer 18

Deceases calcium in blood

Question 19

Hypocalcemia Causes

Answer 19

Hypoparathyroidism
Alkalosis
Malabsorption syndrome

Question 20

Hypocalcemia Symptoms

Answer 20

Increase in the permeability and excitability of nerve membranes -> twitching, tetany
Weak heart contractions

Question 21

Hypercalcemia Causes

Answer 21

Uncontrolled release of calcium ions from bones (neoplasm)

Hyperparathryoidism

Question 22

Hypercalcemia Symptoms

Answer 22

Depressed neuromuscular activity (muscle weakness)

Increased strength in cardiac contractions

Question 23

Acidosis

Answer 23

Excess hydrogen ions

Decrease in serum pH

Question 24

Alkalosis

Answer 24

Deficit of hydrogen ions

Increase in serum pH

Question 25

Respiratory

Answer 25

Changes in CO2 levels

Question 26

Metabolic

Answer 26

Changes in HCO3 levels

Question 27

Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 27

CO2 levels increase

Question 28

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 28

CO2 levels decrease

Question 29

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 29

HCO3 levels go down

Question 30

Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 30

HCO3 levels go up