Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Question 1

Electrolytes

Answer 1

substances that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in fluids

Question 2

Acids

Answer 2

substances that release hydrogen into fluid

Question 3

Bases

Answer 3

substances that bind with hydrogen

Question 4

Intracellular Fluid

Answer 4

fluid within the cell

Question 5

Extracellular Fluid

Answer 5

fluid outside the cell

Question 6

Interstitial Fluid

Answer 6

fluid between the cells

Question 7

Intravascular Fluid

Answer 7

the plasma (serum) portion of blood

Question 8

Insensible Losses

Answer 8

losses from sweat and the vapor in exhaled air

Question 9

Translocation

Answer 9

movement back and forth of fluid

Question 10

Osmosis

Answer 10

movement of water through a semipermeable membrane

Question 11

Semipermeable Membrane

Answer 11

one that allows some but not all substances in a solution to pass through from a diluted area to a more concentrated area

Question 12

Tonicity

Answer 12

concentration of substances dissolved in water

Question 13

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 13

the power to draw water toward an area of greater concentration

Question 14

Colloids

Answer 14

large sized substances such as serum proteins and blood cells

Question 15

Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

Answer 15

when colloids contribute to fluid concentration and act as a force for attracting water

Question 16

Flitration

Answer 16

promotes the movement of fluid and some dissolved substances through a semipermeable membrane according to pressure differences; it relocates water and chemicals from an area of high pressure to an are of low pressure.

Question 17

Passive Diffusion

Answer 17

a physiological process by which dissolved substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.

Question 18

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 18

certain dissolves substances require assistance from a carrier molecule to pass through a semipermeable membrane

Question 19

Active Transport

Answer 19

requires ATP to drive dissolved chemicals from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration—the opposite of passive diffusion

Question 20

Osmoreceptors

Answer 20

specialized neurons that sense the serum osmolality

Question 21

Serum Osmolality

Answer 21

concentration of substances in blood

Question 22

Baroreceptors

Answer 22

stretch receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that signal the brain to release ADH when blood volume decreases by 10%, systolic bp falls below 90, or the right atrium is under filled.

Question 23

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Answer 23

chain of chemicals released to increase both bp and blood volume

Question 24

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Answer 24

ring of pressure sensing cells that surrounds the arterioles leading to each glomerulus in the kidneys

Question 25

Natriuretic Peptides

Answer 25

hormone like substances that act in opposition to the renin-angiotensin-aldolterone system

Question 26

Fluid Imbalance

Answer 26

general term describing any of the several conditions in which the body's water is not in the proper volume or location.

Question 27

Hypovolemia

Answer 27

(fluid volume deficit) low volume of extracellular fluid

Question 28

Dehydration

Answer 28

results when the volume of body fluid is significantly reduced in both extracellular and intracellular compartments

Question 29

Hemoconcentration

Answer 29

high ratio of blood components in relation to watery plasma, increases the potential for blood clots and urinary stones and compromises the kidney's ability to excrete nitrogen wastes.

Question 30

Hypervolemia

Answer 30

fluid volume excess; means there is a high volume of water in the intravascular fluid compartment

Question 31

Circulatory Overload

Answer 31

fluid volume that exceeds what is normal for the intravascular space and can potentially compromise cardiopulmonary function

Question 32

Pitting Edema

Answer 32

indentations in the skin after compression

Question 33

Dependent Edema

Answer 33

edema in the body areas mostly affected by gravity such as the feet, ankles, sacrum, or buttocks

Question 34

Hemodilution

Answer 34

a reduced ratio of blood components to watery plasma

Question 35

Third-Spacing

Answer 35

translocation of fluid from the intravascular or intercellular space to tissue compartments where it becomes trapped and useless

Question 36

Hypoalbuminemia

Answer 36

low level of albumin in the blood

Question 37

Ions

Answer 37

positively and negatively charged particles

Question 38

Cation

Answer 38

positively charged electrolyte

Question 39

Hyponatremia

Answer 39

lower than normal serum sodium level

Question 40

Hypernatremia

Answer 40

higher than normal serum sodium level

Question 41

Hypokalemia

Answer 41

a deficit of potassium in the blood

Question 42

Hyperkalemia

Answer 42

an excess of potassium in the blood

Question 43

Hypocalcemia

Answer 43

lower than normal serum calcium level

Question 44

Hypercalcemia

Answer 44

higher than normal serum calcium level

Question 45

Chvostek's Sign

Answer 45

spasms of the facial muscles when the facial nerve is tapped

Question 46

Trousseau's Sign

Answer 46

carpopedal spasms

Question 47

Hypomagnesemia

Answer 47

lower than normal serum magnesium level

Question 48

Hypermagnesemia

Answer 48

higher than normal serum magnesium level

Question 49

Compensation

Answer 49

when regulatory processes are accelerated because of an imbalance in acids or bases

Question 50

Acidosis

Answer 50

excessive accumulation of acids or excessive loss of bicarbonate in body fluids

Question 51

Alkalosis

Answer 51

excessive accumulation of bases or loss of acid in body fluids

Question 52

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 52

condition that results in decreased plasma pH because of increased organic acids or decreased bicarbonate

Question 53

Anion Gap

Answer 53

the difference between sodium and potassium cation concentrations and the sum of chloride and bicarbonate anions in the extracellular fluid

Question 54

Anion

Answer 54

negatively charged ion

Question 55

Uncompensated State

Answer 55

decreased pH

Question 56

Partially Compensated State

Answer 56

state until pH returns to normal

Question 57

Fully Compensated State

Answer 57

when pH returns to normal

Question 58

How does the body maintains the normal plasma pH?

Answer 58

chemical regulation and organ regulation

Question 59

Cyanosis

Answer 59

dusky appearance to the skin

Question 60

Tachypnea

Answer 60

rapid breathing

Question 61

Hypoxemia

Answer 61

low oxygen in the blood