Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Flashcards
(35 cards)
What role does water have in digestion?
Lubricates
makes stools easier to pass
How does pericarditis affect heart?
increases in fluid –> puts more pressure on heart
Electrolytes with positive charges (cations) –> normal values/ chief functions
sodium- controls regulates volume of body fluids (135-145 mEq/L)
potassium- regulates cellular enzyme activity and water content (3.5-5.0 mEq/L)
calcium- nerve impulse, blood clotting, muscle contraction, B12 absorption (8.6-10.2 mg/dL)
magnesium- metabolism of carbs and proteins, vital actions in enzymes (1.3-2.3 mEq/L)
Anions w negative charge– chief function and normal values
Chloride- maintains osmotic pressure in blood, produces Hcl (97-107mEq/L)
bicarbonate- primary buffer, regulates acid-base balance (25-29 mEq/L)
phosphate- chemical reactions, cell division, hereditary traits (2.5-4.5 mEq/L)
Milliequivalent (MeQ):
unit of measurement that describes the chemical activity of electrolytes. one MeQ = chemical equivalent to activity of 1mg of Hydrogen
want homeostasis— equal anions and
pg 1475**
know normal values
Osmolarity
“pulling power”
concentration of particles in a solution
Tonicity
Iso, hyper, hypo
concentration of a substance dissolved in water
Isotonic: Same concentration of body fluids
hypertonic- greater osmolarity than plasma- cells shrink –> water moves out of cells to intravascular compartment
hypotonic- less osmolarity than plasma. solution moves from intravascular space –> intracellular fluid –> cells swell –> can possibly burst
Diffusion
movement from higher concntration to lower until equilibruim is establshed.
solutes move through solvent
gasses can occur through diffusion
Hydrostatic Pressure
pushing force against walls of capillaries
when hydrostatic pressure inside capillary exceeds surrounding interstitial space –> fluids and solutes forced out of capillary to interstitial space
What role does thyroid play?
increases blood flow in body and increases renal circulation
-parathyroid- regulates level of calcium in ECF
What is pH?
unit of measure to describe the acid-base balance
normal blood plasma 7.35-7.45
-hydrogen ion concentration
acidosis: anything below 7.35 (7.8 = dead)
alkalosis- above 7.45 (6.8=dead)
What are the buffers of pH in body?
carbonic acid** most important
sodium bicarbinate
Protein
Respiratory- changes rate and depth of breathing to eliminate more CO2 to make blood more alkaline
Renal system- kidneys excrete or hold on to hydrogen ions
**both help keep body in homeostasis
where can fluid go in 3rd space fluid shift?
plueral, peritoneal, pericardial areas; joint cavity space; bowels; or excess accumulation in interstitial space
can lead to ECF volume deficit
Sodium: most abundant electrolyte in EFC
Normal: 135-145
hyponatremia <135 mEq/L
hypernatremia >145
hypo- vomitting, diarrhea, fistulas
*confusion, hypotension, edema, muscle cramps, weakness, dry skin, nausea,
hypernatremia- excess water loss –> excess of sodium. fluid deprivation. lack of fluid comsumption
*neurological impairment
Potassium: major intracellular electrolyte
Normal: 3.5-5.0
Hypokalemia <3.5
Hyperkalemia >5
hypo: vomitting, gastric suction, alkalosis
- *muscle weakness and leg cramps, fatigue
hyper- renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, heparin, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs
**may affect nerve conduction(more dangerous than hypo), skeletal muscle weakness, paralysis, cardiac irregularities, ardiac arrest
Calcium: bones and teeth
Normal: 8.6-10.2
hypocalcemia <8.9 mg/dL
hypercalcemia: >10.1
hypo: inadequate calcium intake/uptake, calcium loss
* numbness/itngling of fingers, mouth, feet, muscle cramps, seizures
hyper: cancer and hyperparathyroidism
* nausea, vomitting, constipaition, bone pain
* **sever–> cardiac arrest
Magnesium: 2nd most abundant in ICF
Normal: 1.3-2.3
hypomagnesiumia <1.5
hypermagnesemia >2.5
hypo: nasogastric suction, diarrhea, alcoholism, sepsis, burns
* muscle weakness, tremors, seizures, heart block
hyper: renal failure
* nausea, vomitting, weakness, flush, lethargy
Respiratory Acidosis
RESPIRATORY Alkalosis
- in lungs
acid- too much carbonic acid in resp. from alveolar hypoventilation
alk- not enough carbonic acid, alveolar hyperventilation
Metabolic Acidosis:
Metabolic Alkalosis:
deficit of bicarbonate in ECF
*Kidneys try to fix by retaining bicarbonte, excreting H+
too much bicarb. decrease in H+
*body holds on to CO2, excretes less H2O
*
what labs would you look at for imbalances?
CBC- total blood count–> # of RBCS, values for H&H
*increase hematocrit: volume deficit/shock
decrease hematocrit: blood loss, fluid overload
inc. hgB- hemoconcentration of blood
decrease HgB: anemia
serum electrolytes
BUN: impared renal fxn
Creatinine: impared renal function, heart failure, shock
urine pH: low = acidosis; higher=alkalosis
ABG: PaCO2 low=
what is hypovolemia?
a fluid volume deficit
isotonic fluid loss
young children, older adults, people who are ill are at risk
Hypervolemia
fluid volume excess
edema- extra fluid in ECF
can result in 5% body weight gain
kidney failure, heart failure
trousseaus’s sign
Chovosteks sign
seen in low calcium–
