Fluid/Electrolyte imbalances

Question 1

Causes for hypokalemia

Answer 1

• increased insulin release
• dialysis
• skin/rengal/GI losses
• stress
• stavation

Question 2

kypokalemia lab value

Answer 2

<3.5

Question 3

hyperkalemia lab value

Answer 3

> 5.0

Question 4

causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 4

• kidney failure
• increased intake
• drugs
• exercise
• adrenal insufficiency

Question 5

s/s of hypokalemia

Answer 5

• soft, flabby muscles
• constipation, nausea, ilieus
• weak pulse
• shallow respirations
• hyperglycemia
• ECG changes (flat T wave)

Question 6

hyperkalemia s/s

Answer 6

-irritability
-loss of muscle tone (paralysis)
-abdominal cramping, diarrhea, vomiting
-confusion
-tetany
ECG changes (tall t wave)

Question 7

s/s of both hyper and hypokalemia

Answer 7

• fatigue
• muscle weakness,cramps
• parastesia, decreased reflexes
• irregular pulse
• ECG changes

Question 8

hypocalcemia lab value

Answer 8

<8.5

Question 9

hypercalcemia lab values

Answer 9

> 10.2

Question 10

s/s of hyopcalcemia

Answer 10

• depression, irritability, confusion
• hyperreflexia, muscle cramps
• decreased BP
• numbness in extremities and mouth
• Chvostek’s and trousseau’s
• laryngeal and bronchial spasms
• tetany

Question 11

causes of hypocalcemia

Answer 11

• pancreatitis
• hypopara
• hypoalbuminemia
• metabolic alkalosis

Question 12

s/s of hypercalcemia

Answer 12

• lethargy
• deccreased memory/reflexes
• increased BP
• psychosis
• anorexia, n/v
• polyuria, dehydration
• bone fractures
• nephrolithasis
• coma

Question 13

s/s of both hypo and hypercal

Answer 13

• weakness, fatigue
• confusion
• seizures
• ECG changes (ventricular)

Question 14

hypophosphatemia lab value

Answer 14

<2.4

Question 15

hyperphosphatemia lab value

Answer 15

> 4.4

Question 16

s/s of hypophosphatemia

Answer 16

• CNS depression
• muscle weakness (also respiratory)
• polyneuropathy
• cardiac problems (HF, dys)
• osteomalacia, rickets
• rhabdomyolysis

Question 17

s/s/ of both hypo and hyperphosphatemia

Answer 17

seizures

Question 18

s/s of hyperphosphatemia

Answer 18

• hypocalcemia
• numbness and tingling in extremities and mouth
• hyperreflexia, muscle cramps
• tetany
• calcium-phosphate precipitates in skin and soft tissues

Question 19

hypomagnesemia lab value

Answer 19

<1.5

Question 20

hypermagnesemia lab value

Answer 20

> 2.5

Question 21

s/s of hypomagnesemia

Answer 21

• confusion
• muscle cramps
• tremmors, seizures
• vertigo
• hyperactive deep tendon
• Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s
• increased pulse and BP
• vfib, torsades

Question 22

s/s of hypermagnesemia

Answer 22

• lethargy, drowsiness
• muscle weakness
• urinary retention
• n/v
• flushed, warm skin
• decreased pulse and BP
• severe: cardiac arrest

Question 23

causes of hypermagnesemia

Answer 23

• renal failure
• DKA
• addison’s disease
• hyperparathyroidism
• hypothyroidism

Question 24

causes of hypomagnesemia

Answer 24

• diuretics
• increased Ca intake
• alcoholism
• lax
• SIADH

Question 25

causes of hypophosphatemia

Answer 25

- antacids - malnutrition-burn pts - salicylate poisoning - DKA - hyperparathyroidism

Question 26

causes hyperphosphatemia

Answer 26

- use of lax - renal impairment - hypoparathy - tumor lysis - muscle necrosis

Question 27

s/s of hypermagnesemia

Answer 27

- <1.5 - confusion - muscle cramps - tremmors, seizures - vertigo - hyperactive DTR - Chvosteck's and Trousseau's - increased pulse and BP - Torsades, Vfib (dysrhyths)

Question 28

s/s of both hyper and hypomagnesemia

Answer 28

none

Question 29

s/s of hypermagnesemia

Answer 29

``` >2.5 -lethargy, drowsiness -muscle weakness -urinary retention -nausea, vomiting -diminished DTR -flushed, warm skin, (facial) -decreased pulse and BP cardiac arrest ```