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Fluid & Hemodynamics Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Anasarca

A

generalized, sever edema

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2
Q

Effusion

A

liquid in body cavities

pericardial, pleural, peritoneal or joint cavities

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3
Q

Ascites

A

effusion of the peritoneal cavity

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4
Q

Hydrothorax

A

watery fluid in pleural space

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5
Q

Empyema

A

pus/purulent effusion in pleural cavity

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6
Q

Hydropericardium

A

watery fluid in pericardial cavity

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7
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

too much CSF

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8
Q

Hydrocele

A

extra fluid in membrane around testes

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9
Q

Hydrosalpinx

A

too much fluid in fallopian tube

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10
Q

Ileus

A

too much fluid in small bowel

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11
Q

Seroma

A

non-infected fluid in surgical incision

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12
Q

Loculated effusion

A

more than one compartment filled with fluid

- due to scarring

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13
Q

Blister

A

fluid between epidermis and dermis or within epidermis

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14
Q

Bulla

A

big blisters

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15
Q

Vesicles

A

little blisters

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16
Q

Transudate mechanisms

A
  1. Excess total body fluid (iatrogenic, kidney failure)
  2. Increased pressure in small veins of body
  3. Decreased total plasma protein/albumin
  4. Lymphatic vessel obstruction
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17
Q

Lymphedema

A

often due to cancer, surgery/radiation therapy

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18
Q

Filarial disease

A

causes epidemic elephantiasis

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19
Q

Podoconiosis

A

“dust-foot”, sand plugging lymphatics

- seen in desert-dwellers

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20
Q

Milroy’s disease

A

lymphatics are malformed producing lifelong lymphedema

- worse in legs

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21
Q

Orangepeel skin

A

seen in breast signifying cancer plugging dermal lymphatics

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22
Q

Chylous Effusions

A 
damaged lyphatics (thoracic duct)
- turbid, lipid-rich fluid
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23
Q

Exudate mechanisms

A
  1. Leaky vessels (inflammation)
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24
Q

Where can you get non-inflammatory exudates?

A

neovascularization, deep wound healing (granulation tissue), cancer growth

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25
Cardiac edema
edema appears first in feet after standing | - heart failure
26
Renal edema
edema appears around eyes - total- body water overload - low blood albumin
27
Liver disease
edema appears as excess fluid in abdomen | - low blood albumin plus increase resistance from portal venous system
28
Pulmonary edema is a warning sign for
heart failure and pneumonia
29
Angioedema
blood vessels become extra-permeable | - hereditary C1-esterase deficiency (larynx)
30
Hyperemia
increased BF to organ (arterial) | - red and throbs
31
Congestion
decreased BF from organ (venous) - purple and doesn't throb - from transudate mechanisms
32
Where does blood pool after death?
around hepatic central vein | - appearance is "nutmeg"
33
Causes of viscous blood
too much IgM, cyroglobulin, high Hgb
34
Hemorrhage
blood cells escape blood vessel | - severity dependent on location
35
Hematoma
enough blood in tissue to palpate
36
Cauliflower ear
organization of a hematoma (formation of scar tissue)
37
Hemothorax
blood in pleural cavity
38
Hemopericardium
blood in pericardial sack
39
Hemoperitoneum
blood in peritoneal cavity
40
Hemoarthrosis
bleeds into a join space
41
Petechiae
little bruises
42
Purpura
big bruises (> 3 mm)
43
Ecchymoses
large bruises over 10 mm
44
What does petechiae in lower eyelid warn us of?
Endocarditis | - piece of valve --> ECA --> lower eyelid
45
Dengue
complex viral infection | - damages microvasculature
46
Hemoptysis
coughing up blood
47
Hematemesis
throwing up blood
48
Hematochezia
bright red blood from rectum
49
Melena
blood digested through gut
50
Thrombus
blood solidified within vascular lumen/cardiac chambers
51
Clot
blood solidified anywhere in body (not vascular lumen/cardiac chambers)
52
Initiation of hemostatsis
arterioles constrict once injury
53
Primary Hemostasis
platelets plug injury within seconds | - aggregation and release of granule contents
54
Secondary Hemostasis
clotting cascade turning liquid blood solid (minutes)
55
How do you inactivate thrombin
Thrombomodulin binds on intact endothelium | - activates protein C --> stopping clot formation
56
What factor cross-links fibrin?
Factor XIII
57
Virchow's Triad
thrombus formation 1. injured epithelium 2. altered blood flow 3. hypercoaguable blood
58
What is a hallmark sign of a thrombus?
Lines of Zahn
59
Recanalization
thrombi turn into granulation tissue --> contraction opens little channels
60
Describe a post-mortem thrombus
plasma (chicken fat) & sedimented RBC's (currant jelly)
61
Mural thombus
thrombus on the wall of a vessel/chamber
62
Vegetations
thrombi on valves
63
White Clot Syndrome
"Heparin induced thrombocytopenia" - antibodies against complex of heparin and PF-4 - platelets become white clots --> thrombocytopenia
64
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
blood clotting is activated throughout circulating bloodstream - platelets are consumed and plasmin is activated
65
Schistocytes and thrombocytopenia
DIC | fragmented red cells, too few platelets
66
Causes of DIC
1. Thromboplastin gets into blood 2. Damaged endothelium 3. Both mechanisms (bad trauma, infarcts)
67
Paradoxical embolus
systemic v --> systemic a
68
Fat embolism
commonly fracture of long bone | - can get petechiae in white matter
69
What embolus is formed during cardiopulmonary resuscitation?
Bone marrow embolus from broken ribs
70
Cholesterol emboli
form from atherosclerotic plaque
71
What causes talc granulomas in lung?
IV heroin use
72
White Infarct
Arterial insufficiency, not reperfused | - single blood supply
73
Red Infarcts
Venous insufficiency or reperfused | - dual blood supply (liver, lungs)
74
Infarcts
area of ischemic necrosis from loss of blood supply
75
Shock
systemic hypoperfusion
76
Watershed infarcts
necrosis at places farthest from arterial supply
77
Cardiac Shock
MI, PE, rupture, diphtheria, poisons, tamponade
78
Hypovolemic shock
Hemorrhage, sweat/vomiting/diarrhea
79
Lost vascular tone shock
septic/total body inflammation, anaphylactic, meds, neurogenic
80
Compensated Shock
shunting blood to brain and heart - underperfusion of gut/kidneys/skin - patient feels cold
81
Calculation for shock
heart rate/systolic BP > 0.7
82
Progressive/Decompensated Shock
patient is going anaerobic - kidney and liver cells mostly dead - anaerobic metabolism increases lactic acid --> brings pH down --> dilates arteries and blood pools, interferes with heart function
83
Irreversible Shock
death is coming | - lysozymes digesting cells
84
Sepsis
bacteria flourishing in bloodstream - need Rx or fatal - patient feels warm
85
Most common cause of Sepsis
gram-positive cocci
86
Cyanosis
> 5 gm of unO2 Hb in glood | - poor oxygenation, poor perfusion, cold body part

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