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Fluid Power Fundamentals Flashcards

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1
Q

Fluid

A

A substance capable of flowing - liquid or gas

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2
Q

Fluid Power

A

Using fluid to do work

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3
Q

Pneumatics

A

Operated by air

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4
Q

Hydraulics

A

Operated by liquid

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5
Q

Hydrostatics

A

Energy of a liquid at rest

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6
Q

Hydrokinetics

A

Energy of a liquid in motion

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7
Q

Hydromechanics

A

Hydrostatics and Hydrokinetics

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8
Q

Hydraulic Advantages (9)

A 
Infinite control of speed and pressure
Robust equipment
Change direction quickly
Self-Lubricating
Transmits large forces
Plumbing at tighter angles
Good power to weight ration
Leaks easily detected
Fluid is recirculated in system
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9
Q

Pneumatic Advantages (9)

A 
Equipment light weight
No need for return lines
Economical
No storage facility requirements
High speed
Components are relatively cheap
Safe in explosive enivironment
Environmentally friendly
Little effect from temperature up to 120C
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10
Q

Energy Forms (7)

A 
Mechanical/Electrical
Heat
Light
Sound
Hydraulic/Pneumatic
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11
Q

Energy States

A

Potential - Stored

Kinetic - In motion

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12
Q

Mass

A

Amount of matter in an object
Symbol: m
SI Unit: kg

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13
Q

Force

A

An influence capable of producing a change in motion
Symbol: F
SI Unit: N (Newton)

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14
Q

Work

A

Force applied over a distance
Symbol: W
SI Unit: J (Joule)

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15
Q

Energy

A

A body’s ability to do work
Symbol: E
SI Unit: J (Joule)

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16
Q

Torque

A

Rotary or turning effect
Symbol: T
SI Unit: Nm (Newton meter)

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17
Q

Power

A

Work divided by time
Symbol: P
SI Unit: W (Watt)

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18
Q

PSI

A

Imperial standard for pressure
Pounds per square inch
14.7 PSI = 1 BAR

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19
Q

Pressure

A

The result of resistance to flow
Symbol: p
SI Unit: Pa (Pascal)

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20
Q

F = PA

A

Pressure Calculation Triangle:
Force in Deca Newtons
Pressure in Bar
Area in cm2

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21
Q

Pascal’s Law (SA)

A

Pressure applied to a static and confined fluid will be transmitted undiminished in all directions, and acts with equal force on equal areas and at right angles to them.

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22
Q

Force through a solid

A

In a straight line

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23
Q

Force through a liquid

A

In every direction equal to area

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24
Q

Flow Law

A

As cross sectional path increases:
Viscosity Decreases
Pressure Increases

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25
Laminar Flow
Flow without turbulence | Caused by straight pipes
26
Turbulent Flow
Flow with turbulence Caused by: Bent Pipes To high velocity
27
Viscosity (2)
Measure of a fluids internal resistance to flow | Generally: As temperature increases, viscosity decreases
28
Viscosity Index
Measure of change in viscosity due to temperature | High number = Less change
29
Hydraulic Fluid Properties (8)
``` Compatibility with different materials Low compressibility Little expansion due to temperature Little formation of foam High boiling pint, low steam pressure Non hygroscopic - Doesn't absorb water Fire resistance Good protection against corrosion ```
30
Hydraulic Fluid Types (6)
``` Petroleum based Fire resistant Oil in water emulsion Water in oil emulsion Water glycol Synthetic ```
31
Drive Motor
Also Called Prime Mover Commonly Electric Motor Turns electrical energy into mechanical energy
32
Cooler/Heat Exchange (3)
Maintains constant temperature Water cooled Air cooled
33
Reservoir
Tank | Should contain 3x maximum pump displacement
34
Purpose of Reservoir (6)
Store oil Provide cooling for returning oil Allow atmospheric pressure to assist moving oil into pump Separate contamination from oil Separation of aeration from oil Allow mounting of power pack components and associated equipment
35
Baffle Plate
Separates returning oil from suction line to allow reservoir effects to take place
36
Fluid Level Indicator
Sight guage, visual
37
Fluid Level Sensor
Float switch, electrical
38
Filter Breather
Filters atmospheric air into system
39
Pipes (3)
Welded seam Rigid Not bendable
40
Tubing (3)
Extruded seam Rigid and semi-rigid Bendable
41
Flexible Hoses (3)
Used where there is: Moving parts Vibration Can be skived or non-skived (reinforced)
42
Fittings (3)
Flared - Reusable Compression - Non-reusable (Swaged) O-ring - reusable
43
Fluid Conductors (3)
Pipes Tubing Flexible Hoses
44
Pilot Line
To control the operation of a component
45
Drain Line
To return leakage oil to tank
46
Purpose of Hydraulic Pump
Convert mechanical energy from drive motor to hydraulic energy
47
Hydraulic Pump Info (4)
Pumping action is the same for all pumps Increased volume @ suction side Decreased volume @ pressure side Industrial hydraulic systems use positive displacement pumps
48
Pumps are for?
FLOW
49
Hydraulic Pump Types (3)
Gear Piston Vane
50
Hydraulic Pumps - Gear (5)
Worm (Screw) External Internal - Crescent, Gerotor
51
Hydraulic Pumps - Piston (3)
Axial Inline Bent Axial Radial
52
Hydraulic Pumps - Vane (2)
Unbalanced - single | Balanced - double
53
Atmospheric Pressure
The weight of air exerting a pressure on earth
54
Pressure Scales (3)
Gauge - Begins at atmospheric pressure Absolute - Begins at 0 pressure Vacuum - Any pressure less then 1 atmosphere (Measured in inHg - inches of mercury)
55
Cavitaion Definition/Effects (3)
Formation and collapse of gaseous cavities within a liquid Lowers lubrication Destroys metal surfaces
56
Causes of Cavitation (5)
``` Blocked strainer Blocked breather Incorrect oil Intake line too small Viscosity of oil too high (Not enough oil in pump) ```
57
Entrained Air
Air at atmospheric pressure entering system
58
Causes of Entrained Air (3)
Loose/cracked pipes/fittings Worn shaft seal Reservoir levels too low (Air in system)
59
Actuator Use/Types (3)
Converts fluid energy to mechanical energy | Linear (straight line) or rotary (rotating)
60
Rotary Actuator Name/Info (6)
``` Hydraulic motor Instant reversing of shaft Stall for indefinite periods, no damage Torque control through operating speed Dynamic breaking easily accomplished Good power to weight ratio ```
61
Control Valve Types (4)
DCV - directional control valve Flow Pressure Non return (check)
62
DCV Meaning and Use (4)
Directional Control Valve Controls direction of flow Isolates different parts of a circuit Controls actuator motion
63
DCV Identification (5)
``` Ports Positions Configuration Method of actuating Method of de-actuating ```
64
4/3 DCV Center Positions (4)
Open Center - Uninhibited movement Float Center - Free movement Closed Center - No movement Tandem Center - No movement - Less pressure
65
Methods of Actuation - Manual (4)
General Pedal Lever Push Button - No electricity
66
Methods of Actuation - Mechanical (3)
General Cam/Roller One way trip
67
Methods of Actuation - Electrical
Solenoid
68
Methods of Actuation - Pilot (3)
Hydraulic direct/indirect Pneumatic direct/indirect Solenoid Pilot - master/slave
69
Methods of Actuation (4)
Manual Mechanical Electrical Pilot
70
Methods of De-actuation (3)
Springs - Return or centered Detent - Number of notches Memory - 2DCV No springs/detents Either dual pilot or solenoid
71
Non Return Valve (Check) Use
Stop flow one way, allow the other
72
Pilot Operated Check Valve
Acts like normal check valve | With pilot signal, can flow backwards
73
Gate Valve
Two way gate, on/off
74
Shuttle Valve
Logical "or"
75
Flow Control Valves Names/Use (5)
Reduces flow rate from pump to actuator | Also called: orifice, restrictor, throttle, choke
76
What Effects Flow (3)
Pressure - Greater the difference across orifice, more flow Orifice - Size of orifice changes flow Temperature - Changes liquid viscosity
77
Fixed Orifice
Reduced opening of unadjustable size
78
Variable Orifice
Reduced opening of adjustable size
79
Temperature Compensated Flow Control Valve
Orifice size varied by temperature
80
Pressure Compensated Flow Control Valve Types (2)
Either restricter or bypass
81
Methods of Flow Control (4)
Variable pump output - Change at pump, varies whole system Meter in - Controls amount of fluid going in Meter out - Controls amount of fluid going out Bleed off - Split some flow back to tank, very inaccurate
82
Pressure Control Valve Use
Controlling force
83
Pressure Control Valve Types
Hydraulic - Pneumatic Relief - Limiting Sequencing Reducing - Regulator
84
Relief/Limiting Valve
Normally closed Protects from overpressurisation Has cracking/full flow pressure
85
Pilot Operated Relief Valve
For high flow rate Has two parts Pilot is like direct relief valve, when activated opens main valve for more flow
86
Sequencing Valve
Normally closed Causes the operation of 2 or more actuators to happen in order Has the check valve
87
Reducing/Regulator Valve
Normally open | Controls the force by reducing orifice size
88
Filtration
Removal of contaminants from fluid
89
Effects of Dirt (3)
Plugs small orifices Interferes with cooling Interferes with lubrication
90
Sources of Dirt (3)
Built in during fabrication Generated from wear and tear Added during maintenance from environment
91
Filter Element Materials (8)
Paper, Cellulose, Felt Glass Fiber, Plastics Ceramics, Stainless Steel Sintered powders of metals
92
Types of Filter (2)
Surface - One layer | Depth - Appreciable thickness
93
Location of Filters (4)
Sump strainer Suction line Pressure line Return line
94
Use of Seals (3)
Prevent loss of fluid Keep contamination out Allowed controlled leakage for lubrication
95
Positive Seal
No leakage
96
Non-positive Seal
Controlled leakage
97
Static Seal
Seal between two stationary parts
98
Dynamic Seal
Seal between two parts that move relative to each other
99
Types of Seal (8)
O-Ring, Backup, T-Ring Lip, Cup, Piston Ring Compression Ring, Gasket
100
Seal Materials (6)
``` Nitrile (Buna N) Viton (Synthetic oils, high temp) Neoprene (Cold temp) Plastics (Teflon) Synthetic Rubber (Elastomers) Cast Iron ```
101
Incorrect Installation of Seal Causes (4)
Vibration External Leakage Wear Contamination Ingression
102
Hydraulic Transducers
Takes a measurement, turns into data
103
Pressure Gauges (2)
Bourdon Tube - Curved tube | Plunger - Plunger and spring
104
Pressure Switches (2)
Bourdon Tube - connected to switch | Piston - connected to switch
105
Pressure Transducers - Differential Pressure Cell
Compares two different pressures
106
Flow meter
Determines rate of flow | Like ameter - Physically in system
107
Temperature Transducers Types (2)
Thermocouple, thermister
108
Proximity Transducer Use/Types (3)
Detects when objects get close to sensor without touching | Inductive or capacitive
109
Proximity Transducer - Inductive
Proximity to "core" changes current | OR magnet approaching high turn ratio inductor will produce voltage relative to distance
110
Proximity Transducer - Capasitive
Distance between plates | or Change in dielectirc
111
LVDT (2)
Linear Variable Differential Transformer | Inductive Positional Transducer
112
Limit/Cut-out Switches
Mechanical action
113
Common Hydraulic Injuries (3)
Burns Cuts/Bruises Injection of Fluid
114
Hydraulic System Procedures (3)
Start Stop Emergency Stop
115
Hydraulic Precautions - Easy (7)
``` Fix oil leaks Correct PPE Mop up excess oil Put oil soaked cloths in bin Wipe oil from tools after use Depressurize to work Support Heavy Loads ```
116
Hydraulic Precautions - Harder (8)
Clean up petroleum based fluids All open oil ports plugged Know type/location of extinguisher Ensure over pressure protection equipment serviceable Ensure hydraulically/electrically isolated Handle components with extreme care Consult manufacturers specifications when re-assembling Ensure SDS held and followed
117
Parts of Pneumatic System (8)
Drive Motor, Valves Compressor, Actuator Air Service Unit, Plumbing Receiver, Cooler/Heat Exchanger
118
Compressor Types (2)
Displacement | Dynamic
119
Compressors - Displacement (7)
``` Reciprocating: Piston Diaphragm Rotary: Screw Vane Roots ```
120
Compressors - Dynamic (2)
Also called turbo/centrifugal Radial flow Axial flow
121
Air Receiver
For storing potential energy only
122
Pneumatic Actuators
Generally lighter construction | Linear Piston same as hydraulic
123
Diaphragm Cylinder
Less mass, flexes diaphragm | Increases speed
124
Rodless Cylinder
Rod fixed, cylinder body moves | Coupled together, usually magnetically
125
Rotary Actuator
Air motor | Reverse of compressor
126
Pneumatic DCV
Has little triangle to show exhaust to atmosphere | Can be labeled R/S if used elsewhere
127
Pneumatic Check Valves (2)
Double Cut-off - Logic "and" function | Quick Exhaust - Opens check valve to quickly exhaust
128
Pneumatic Pressure Control Valves (3)
Pneumatic - Hydraulic Limiting - Relief Sequencing Regulator - Reducing
129
Air Preparation Qualities (6)
``` Pressure Quantity Water Content Solid Content Oil Content Sterility ```
130
Intake Filter Location
At intake of compressor
131
Air Line Filter Location
Directly after cooler
132
Filter Silencer
Silences exhaust sound using baffles | Filters contaminants
133
Effects of Moisture in System (6)
Lack of lubrication, wear Corrosion, Faulty operation of components Product defects, Safety hazards
134
Air Dryer Types (3)
Refrigerated - Reduces temperature to condense water Adsorption - Most common, desiccant adsorbs water (Adsorb meas hold to surface) Absorption - Chemical process, expensive
135
Air Service Unit
Also called FLR (Filter, regulator, lubricator) | Ensures specified quality of compressed air
136
FLR
Filter, regulator, lubricator | Also called air service unit
137
Lubricator
Ideally air is clean, but sometimes lubrication is required | Fitted prior to machine working elements
138
Purpose of Lubrication (5)
``` Seal lubrication Unhindered movement of components Prevention of wear Reduces friction Reduces corrosion ```
139
Types of Lubricators (2)
Oil fog | Oil mist
140
Lubrication - Oil Fog
Course droplets Passes through venturi Mounted as close as possible to equipment
141
Lubrication - Oil Mist
Very fine droplets Passes through deflector Mounted above/below workstation
142
Pneumatic Safety Part 1 (5)
``` Over pressure safety valves fitted System pressure ratings followed Receivers monitored and checked Receiver valves correct size/rating Receivers marked with test pressure, test date ```
143
Pneumatic Safety Part 2 (4)
Main airline shutoff valve for emergency venting All pressure vented before maintenance, isolate parts Compressed air not used on cloths or people System vented/shutdown, air supply isolated for maintenance
144
Fault Finding 7 Steps (In order)
1. Know the system 2. Ask the operator 3. Operate the machine 4. Inspect the machine 5. List possible causes 6. Reach a conclusion 7. Test your conclusion
145
Types of Maintenance (2)
Preventative - Before it breaks | Corrective - When broken
146
Hydraulic Weekly Maintenance (5)
``` Check: Oil level Oil leaks Guards Valves Plumbing ```
147
Pneumatic Weekly Maintenance (5)
``` Check: Air leaks Compressor Receiver Actuator Guards ```
148
Pneumatic Daily Maintenance (2)
Drain moisture from receiver | Check compressor oil levels
149
Prior to Installation (6)
``` Check correct parts Read manufacturers instructions Ensure layout drawings are up to date Compare parts, ensure they fit Don't remove covers until ready to install Ensure you have the right tools ```
150
During Installation (3)
Mounting Position - Clear of obstructions Mounting Method - Don't over tighten The Circuit - Check it matches drawings
151
Accumulator
Stores pressurized oil in system Treated as pressurized vessel Power required to get oil out
152
Types of Accumulators (3)
Hydro-pneumatic - Pressurized with gas, most common Weight loaded Spring loaded
153
Hydro-pneumatic Types and Gas (4)
``` Uses Nitrogen, because inert 3 types: Bladder Membrane (Diaphragm) Piston ```
154
Main Function of Accumulator (2)
Stores energy | Dampens shocks
155
Uses of Accumulator (7)
Fluid reserve, compensation of leaking oil Emergency operation, maintaining constant pressure Balance of forces, compensation of flow Damping of mechanical and pressure shocks
156
Pre-charge
Gas pressure in accumulator when drained of all oil | Higher pre-charge, less oil will be stored
157
Servo Valve
Provides closed loop flow in response to signal | Small electrical signal, large hydraulic output
158
Servo Valve Parts (4)
Torque motor Flapper jet valve Spool valve Feedback
159
Servo Valve - Torque Motor
Produces torque from current Moves an armature Flapper is attached to armature
160
Servo Valve - Flapper Jet Valve
Controls fluid through valve, creating pilot signal for spool
161
Servo Valve - Spool Valve
Pilot signal moves spool | Spool acts like DCV
162
Servo Valve - Feedback (3)
3 types: Mechanical - Feedback spring attached to main spool, moved by spool movements Barometric - Pilot pressure against spring centering pressure, balances the force Electrical - Uses LVDT attached to spool

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