Fluorine and other trace elements Flashcards
this mineral is of interest because of its dual role in human nutrition - as the cause of its widespread intoxication and as a preventive factor in the incidence of dental caries
fluorine
what amount of F is beneficial to health
1 ppm
high levels of F in water (3-5 ppm) can cause what kind of issues ?
mottle the teeth enamel
a condition characterized by chalky-white patched on teeth; teeth become stained from a yellow to black color; and are structurally weak due to an interference with normal development of the enamel is cause by:
high levels of F in water
F toxicity is a problem in livestock production when there is:
- ingestion of waters high in F
- ingestion of rations supplemented with mineral phosphates high in F
- ingestion of forage contaminated with F fumes from smelting plants
consequences of F toxicity:
- excessive accumulations of F in bones and teeth
- bones lose color, luster; become thickened and softened
- bone breaking strength decreases
- bony outgrowth (exatoses) occur from surface
- total ash content of bones decreases
- teeth become soft, worn down in certain areas and sensitive to cold
- increased dental problems = decreased food consuption
Long term F ingestion yields:
reduced feed consumption
decreased growth
reduced repro
reduced lactation
factors which influence the incidence and severity of toxicity of F:
- form ingested- NaF more toxic than CaF2 b/c it is more soluble and thus more absorbable
- species differences
- length of the feeding of F - F is a cumulative poison, accumulates at firs tin teeth and bones, certain protection afforded by the bones and teeth for the soft tissue
species differences of toxic levels of F for cattle, sheep or hogs vs chicks vs laying hens
.01% of F as rock phosphate in total DM of rations for cattle, sheep or hogs
.035% for chicks
.053% for laying hens
F absorption occurs most in the
Small intestine as the soluble compounds of NaF and others
needed as a cofactor for insulin action - improves glucose tolerance in many species
chromium
Effects of using this element include improved health in stress situations, improved immunocompetence, and increased milk yield (cattle); more lean and less fat in carcass, improved litter size, and improved FE (pigs); improved FE , decreased mortality, decreased egg yolk cholesterol (poultry); and improved energy utilization in horses
chromium
reports of this trace element show increased growth when added to a diet for chicks and counteracts the growth retardation of rats fed iodinated casein
bromine
feather growth in chickens, egg cholesterol
vanadium
toxicant via aerial contamination
lead
hematocrit, liver enzymes, liver morphology
nickel
present in body as contaminants of feedstuffs
silicon and aluminum
silicon may be as high as ___ in certain feedstuffs
0.7% - due to its infiltration in to the cellulose of the growing plant
silicon usually excreted via
feces
*** what mineral has traditionally been added to municipal drinking waster to, ostensibly, reduce dental caries but is now the subject of considerable debate whether it may in fact be more of a detriment rather than a benefit?
F
