FMC (Unit 1)

Question 1

What is Situational Awareness?

Answer 1

The ability and perception to see the elements in the environment as critical components to framing the issues experienced by the patient

Question 2

What is schema?

Answer 2

A mental structure for organizing knowledge

Question 3

What is the Zone of Proximal Development? (Think of the three circles)

Answer 3

This is the space between what a learner is capable of doing unsupported and what the learner cannot do even with support.

(Can do independently -> Can do with Guidance -> Cant do, even with guidance)

Question 4

What is cognitive load theory?

Answer 4

Learners can only process a limited amount of information at a time

Question 5

What is situated cognition theory?

Answer 5

Thinking, in general, is a process that depends on the person and the environment

Question 6

What is Dual Processing Theory?

Answer 6

Both analytic and non-analytic systems of thinking are used simultaneously in decision-making
(System 1 and System 2)

Question 7

What is system 1 thinking?

Answer 7

-Non-analytical
-Fast thinking/ Forward reasoning
–Information is recognized -> quick to reason
-Automatic, involuntary
-Pattern recognition
–Heuristics
-Inductive reasoning

Question 8

What is system 2 thinking?

Answer 8

-Analytical
-Slow thinking / Backwards reasoning
–Information is perceived->Analyzed for reason
-Conscious, effortful
-Logical
-Deductive reasoning

Question 8

What are the advantages and disadvantages of system 1 thinking?

Answer 8

Advantages: Quicker, creative, and decisions are patient-centered

Disadvantages: Prone to bias, and easy to stagnate

Question 9

What are the advantages and disadvantages of type 2 thinking?

Answer 9

Advantages: Accuracy, and foundational

Disadvantages: Lack of accuracy, slower, and impersonal

Question 10

What does Paradigm mean?

Answer 10

A mental conceptualization
-set of assumptions
-way or ways of thinking
-or a methodology

Framework
-A basic structure underlying a system or concept

Question 11

What is Diagnostic Reasoning?

Answer 11

Diagnostic reasoning considers that the diagnostician places information into a mental classification system, grouping relative information together, and separating confounding information into its own class

Question 12

What is Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning?

Answer 12

(The balance of system 1 and system 2 thinking)
-Taking an unstructured problem, and applying a structure to produce a small set of possible solutions as an efficient way to solve diagnostic problems
-Gather information
-Formulating questions (hypotheses)
-Testing hypothesis

Question 13

What is Pattern Recognition?

Answer 13

The clinician recognizes certain features of a case almost instantly, and this recognition leads to the use of other relevant information, including ‘if-then’ rules of production in the clinician’s stored knowledge network
-illness scripts

Question 14

What is intuitive Reasoning?

Answer 14

Comparing a current patient’s presentation to one experienced previously, a pattern formed from a previous instance
-Instance scripts

Question 15

What is Social Constructivist?

Answer 15

Truth = related to meaning and context. Multiple realities, truths, and perspectives

Clinician and patient = Co-Experts

Question 16

What is Narrative Reasoning?

Answer 16

To make sense of the parts of the narrative that the patient chooses to emphasize and why it is meaningful to them
-Shared understanding

Question 17

What is Collaborative Reasoning?

Answer 17

Shared goal setting and decision-making by the patient and clinician

Question 18

What is Ethical Reasoning?

Answer 18

A process that guides an clinician to resolve political, moral, and economic dilemmas

Question 19

What is Teaching as Reason?

Answer 19

Aimed at behavior modification through empowering the patient with knowledge

Question 20

What is Dialectical Reasoning?

Answer 20

The fluidity of reasoning between deductive, problem-solving strategies and inductive, narratively oriented communicative reasoning strategies

Question 21

What is metacognition?

Answer 21

An awareness of the accuracy of one’s own thought processes
- Thinking about your thinking

Question 22

What is the difference between Reflection-ON-Action and Reflection-IN-Action?

Answer 22

Reflection-ON-Action:
-After the action has occurred
-Look back and analyze

Reflection-IN-Action:
-During the action
-Active evaluation of your own thoughts, actions, and practices as they are occurring

Question 23

What is Anchoring Bias?

Answer 23

A tendency to lock on to a feature of the patient’s presentation too early and failing to adjust in the light of later information

Question 24

What is confirmation Bias?

Answer 24

A tendency to look for confirming evidence to support a diagnosis rather than look for disconfirming evidence to refute it, despite the latter often being more persuasive and definitive

Question 25

What is Attribution Error?

Answer 25

A tendency to be judgmental and blame the patient for their illness or condition

Question 26

What is Ascertainment Bias?

Answer 26

Thinking shaped by prior assumptions and preconceptions. Can include ageism, racism, stigmatism, and stereotyping

Question 27

What is Gender Bias?

Answer 27

A tendency to believe that gender is a largely determining factor in the patient’s condition

Question 28

What is Diagnostic Momentum?

Answer 28

When repeated diagnostic, tests, or interventions are in vogue

Question 29

What is Overconfidence Bias?

Answer 29

-A Tendency to believe we know more than we actually do -A tendency to act on incomplete information, intuition, or hunches, and too much faith is placed on opinion instead of carefully collected clues

Question 30

What is unpacking principle?

Answer 30

A failure to collect all the relevant cues in establishing a differential diagnosis