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Clinical Pathology2 > Foal Clin Path > Flashcards

Foal Clin Path Flashcards

1
Q

What is the principle organ of hematopoiesis in utero?

A

Fetal liver

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2
Q

When does bone marrow contribute to hematopoiesis in utero?

A

Not until the end of gestation

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3
Q

What adaptations do the equine fetus that facilitate oxygen diffusion across the placenta?

A
  1. Lower erythrocyte concentration sof 2,3-diphosphoglycerate— shifts O2 dissociation curve to the left
  2. Placental countercurrent circulatory pattern
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4
Q

Clinical signs of anemia are what and due to?

A

— decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

  • exercise interolerance, lethargy, weakness, tachycardia, tachypnea
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5
Q

Examples of blood loss that cause anemia in foals

A

Cesarean section
Fractured ribs: hemothorax, soft tissue hematoma
Bleeding umbilical remnant: external
Trauma: ruptured femoral artery, ruptured gastrocnemeus tendon
Intra-abdominal hemorrhage: ruptured liver or spleen, internal umbilical remnant
Gastrointestinal tract: bleeding gastric ulcers, hemorrhagic enterocolitis, coagulopathy
Thrombocytopenia: alloimmune-mediated, immune-mediated, disseminated intravascular coagulation
Congenital factor deficiency: factor VIII/C, von Willebrand disease

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6
Q

Examples of hemolytic anemia in foals

A 
Neonatal isoertyhrolysis
Infection: clostridia spp
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Incompatible blood transfusions
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Toxic causes: snake envenomation, rapid dimethylsufloxide administration
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7
Q

Examples of causes of decreased production of rbc as a cause of anemia in foals

A 
Prematurity
Anemia of chronic disease
Iron deficiency
Bone marrow defects associated with maternal administraiton of sulfonamides, pyrimethamine, folic acid
Chronic renal disease
Fell pony syndrome
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8
Q

Causes for erythrocytosis in foals

A

Splenic contraction from excitement or handling in addition to dehydration
Hypoxia d/t congenital cardiac dz lead to R to L shunting
(Reported in a hepatic tumor)

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9
Q

Indicators of toxic neutrophils

A

Dohle bodies
Cytopalsmic vacuolation
Toxic granulation
Basophilic cytoplasm

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10
Q

When are neutrophils functionally mature?

A

At birth

**phagocytic capacity is limited in foals les than 3 wks of age by opsonic ability of foal’s serum

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11
Q

Phagocytic function of neutrophils is dependent on:

A

Maturation of serum opsonization factors (ie., complement)

**does not dep on serum IgG

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12
Q

At what degree has lymphopenia should raise suspicion of primary immunodieficiency?

A

Persistent Lymphopenia < 0.5 x 10^9 cells/L

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13
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in arabians is inherited through

A

Autosomal recessive inheritance

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14
Q

SCID foals show decreased function of:

A

Lymphopenia
Abnormal T & B lymph function test results
**presuckle IgM and other Iggs are not detectable by single radial immunodiffusion (RID) at birth

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15
Q

Fell pony syndrome is associated with:

A

Decreased major histocompatibility class 2 expression on lymphs and weak T cell response to concanavalin A

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16
Q

Causes of thrombocytopenia in foals

A

DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation
Sepsis
Viral infection (EHV-1, equine viral arteritis)
SIRS
Alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Ulcerative dermatitis

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17
Q

Why is alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity high in foals?

A

Because of the high osteoblastic activity in growing bone and intestinal development activity & pinocytosis during first 24 hours of life

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18
Q

When does alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decrease and used to assess liver integrity?

A

After the first month of life

19
Q

Serum GGT values transiently increase in neonates to what age?

A

Between 5 and 14 days

<1 hour: 18.9 +/- 7.4
7 days: 48.4 +/- 28.5
1 month 29+/- 9.7

20
Q

Ammonia levels in neonates in comparison to adults

A

Young foals have a low ammount of ammonia produce din the colon compared with adults

21
Q

Hyperammonemia that can cause CNS signs in foals from 6 to 12 weeks of age can be caused by:

A

Hyperammonemia of Morgan foals

Congenital portosystemic shunts

22
Q

Ddx for elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels in foals

A 
Perinatal asyphxia
Placentitis
Trauma at birth
Prolonged recumbency
Convulsions
Glycogen storage disease
White muscle disease
23
Q

What trend does phosphorus follow in the foals?

A

Similar phosphorus levels at birth, then steadily increase for 2 months
**presumably associated with bone metabolism

24
Q

Increased creatinine at birth in foals can be caused by:

A

Fetal stress
Placental pathologic conditions
Renal disease

25
Q

Blood urea nitrogen concentration increases due to what reason in foals?

A

Increases with a negative energy balance— when foal’s tissues need to be broken down to provide energy

26
Q

Differentials for hypoglycemia in foals

A

Lack of milk intake
Increased metabolic demands: sepsis or SIRS
Reduced gluconeogenesis: HIS, sepsis, premature or in utero stress

27
Q

Differentials for hyperglycemia in foals

A 
Iatrogenic glucose overload
Catecholamine release
HIS
Prematurity
Sepsis
SIRS
28
Q

What is a normal lactate concentration at birth in foals?

A

3- 5 mmol/L

**progressively decrease in 24 hours

29
Q

Reasons for increased lactate concentrations in foals?

A

Tissue hypoxia & poor perfusion
Increased metabolism with sepsis
SIRS induced epinephrine surgers
INC protein catabolism
Muscle activiity (shivering/seizure activity with HIE)
Activaiton of inflammatory cells & mediators
Impaired clearance (hepatic failure)

30
Q

Characteristics of Agammaglobulinemia in foals

A

Normal total lymphocyte count— no B lymphocytes

RID: no IgM or IgA, low IgG

31
Q

Hyperfibrinogenemia in foals less than 2 days of age is an indicator of:

A

In utero sepsis

Inflammation

32
Q

Normal CSF values in a foal

A 
< 5 leukocytes/ microL— monocytes & lymphocytes
    **no neutrophils present
TP: 1 g/L
Glucose: 80% of blood glucose value
PH: 7.34 to 7.4
33
Q

Increased CSF albumin quotient greater than 2.4 indicates:

A

INC blood-brain barrier permeability

—> septic meningitis & hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)

34
Q

Uroperitoneum is characterized by peritoneal fluid creatinine to serum creatinine ratio:

A

Greater than 2

**may also see calcium carbonate crystals on cytology

35
Q

Synovial fluid concentrations indicative of septic arthritis in foals

A

> 0.3 x 10^9/L leukocyte count

35 g/L

36
Q

The urine specific gravity of the first urination after birth should be:

A

Hyperesthenuric (>1030)

37
Q

In hydrated foals with normal renal function should have a USG of:

A

1004 to 1006

38
Q

Values of usg for isosthenuria

A

1008 to 1012

39
Q

Reasons for isosthenuria in foals

A

Renal dysfunction

HIS or SIRS

40
Q

Reasons for hypoxemia

A 
Decreased inspired oxygen (fio2)
Hypoventilation
Difussion impairment
Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
Right to left vascular shunt (intra & extra-pulmonary shunts)
41
Q

How to determine if a foal has a right to left shunt?

A

PaO2 less than 100 mmHg when foal is ventilated on 100% oxygen (intubated and ventilated with FiO2 of 1)

42
Q

Hypercapnia (PaCO2 >60 mmHg) indicative of hypoventilation associated with hypoxemia may be due to:

A 
Respiratory fatigue: weak resp mm and soft compliant rib cage
Altered neuro function (ie., HIE)
Other conditions (botulism)
43
Q

Blood gas samples taken in lateral recumbency have a PaO2 lower/higher than standing?

A

14 mmHg lower when in lateral than when standing

Clinical Pathology2 (7 decks)

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