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Foetal development Flashcards

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1
Q

On what day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

A

day 14

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2
Q

Where does fertilisation and conception take place?

A

fallopian tube

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3
Q

What are the stages of cell division?

A

Zygote

Morula

Blastocyst

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4
Q

After conception, where does the blastocyst travel to?

A

uterine cavity

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5
Q

On what day does implantation in to uterine cavity take place?

A

day 23

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6
Q

What happens after implantation of blastocyst into decidua?

A

hCG released

stimulates ovary to produce progesterone

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7
Q

For how long do HCG levels rise?

A

rise rapidly up to 10 weeks

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8
Q

What is the basis of a pregnancy test?

A

HCG levels

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9
Q

How is HCG detected in pregnancy tests?

A

detected in serum and urine 4 weeks after LMP

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10
Q

What concentration of HCG is detected in a urine +ve PT?

A

Urine PT +ve when HCG concentration reaches 25 IU/ml

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11
Q

When does early implantation generally take place?

A

12 days post conception

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12
Q

Which hormone is the main pregnancy hormone?

A

Progesterone

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13
Q

Which key areas of maternal physiology are effected by progesterone?

A

cardiovascular
respiratory
uterine quiescence
immune system

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14
Q

How do you diagnose pregnancy?

A

Clinical: symptoms
signs

Investigations: hCG
USS

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15
Q

What are the two main routes of USS?

A

transvaginal or transabdominal

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16
Q

What are key dates in foetal development?

A

4-5 weeks: gestation sac 6mm

5-6 weeks: yolk sac

6 weeks: foetal pole 5mm

6-7 weeks: foetal heart activity

8 weeks: limb buds, foetal movements

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17
Q

How does the size of a foetus change in between weeks 6-12 weeks?

A

doubles in size every week

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18
Q

What occurs in the uterus/to the foetus in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy?

A

organs develop

placenta assumes major role (gas exchange, nutrient waste transfer, steroidogenesis)

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19
Q

In which timeframe is their the highest risk of miscarriage during pregnancy?

A

within the first 12 weeks

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20
Q

What role does the placenta play in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy?

A

gas exchange

nutrient/waste transfer

steroidogenesis

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21
Q

What are two important complications of early pregnancy?

A

miscarriage

ectopic (tubal) pregnancy

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22
Q

How many days is the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days (from first day of LMP to first day of next MP)

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23
Q

Which hormone peaks to trigger ovulation around day 14?

A

luetnising hormone

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24
Q

What is happening between days 1 - 14?

Study These Flashcards
A

follicle is growing

25
What hormone peaks after ovulation?
FSH
26
What happens after the follicle is released?
follicle becomes corpus luteum (releases progesterone)
27
Where does ovulation occur?
fallopian tube
28
What stage of development is the foetus as it travels towards the uterine cavity?
blastocyst
29
On the diagram fro the lecture, what is site number 2?
cervical ectopic
30
Where is the most common site of an ectopic pregnancy?
ampulla (of fallopian tube)
31
How is an ectopic pregnancy in the ampulla usually treated?
laparoscopic surgery to remove fallopian tube
32
How is a corneal ectopic pregnancy treated?
injection of methotrexate
33
When does the placenta take over from the corpus luteum in terms of producing progesterone?
after about 14 weeks
34
What can happen to hCG level in third trimester?
it can drop (therefore won't detect positive on pregnancy test)
35
What occurs in maternal blood lakes?
exchange of oxygen and blood waste
36
What is the main pregnancy hormone?
progesterone
37
What hormone is the main cause of many health problems in pregnancy?
progesterone
38
What changes occur to cardiovascular system when you're pregnant?
HR increases SV increases = increase CO BP decreases (peripheral vascular resistance decreases - allows blood to go to bottom of body more easily) Nadir in second trimester (patient might feel dizzy)
39
What changes occur to respiratory system when you're pregnant?
SOB - cause can range from physiological (baby growth) to PE
40
What happens to uterine quiescence in pregnancy?
Uterus becomes quiet - uterine relaxation. This is caused by progesterone
41
What do you give to women who are at risk of pre-term labour
progesterone
42
What happens to immune system in pregnancy?
weakens (less active T cells) HENCE why baby isn't rejected
43
What risk are women with HIV and | severe asthma exposed to when pregnant?
more likely to have exacerbations
44
What is the most common infection in pregnant women?
UTI
45
What are symptoms of pregnancy?
ammenhorhoea morning sickness breast engorgement and tenderness mood changes
46
What investigations should you do to diagnose pregnancy?
hCG | USS
47
Other than in heightened BMI, when might you use a TV US?
very early on in pregnancy (as uterus is in pelvis)
48
4-5 weeks US shows:
gestational sac
49
5-6 weeks US shows:
yolk sac
50
6 weeks US shows:
foetal pole
51
6-7 weeks US shows:
Foetal heart
52
8 weeks US shows:
limb buds | foetal movement
53
When can you reassure a mother that her baby is healthy?
6.5 weeks | need to be able to hear heart sounds
54
When can you determine the sex of the baby?
15 weeks
55
When a baby is born, how many layers does it have?
2: amnion, chorion
56
When does the dating scan need to be done by?
14 weeks
57
What else is offered with the dating test?
Down's screening: transnuchal lucency
58
What is the risk of miscarriage before 12 weeks?
1 in 4 - 1 in 6
59
What foetal development occurs after 12 weeks?
Growth and maturation

GOSH (33 decks)

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