foetus, early pregnancy problems and miscarriage Flashcards
(40 cards)
what period of pregnancy is crucial for organogenesis?
6-12 weeks
what is a miscarriage?
Spontaneous loss of pregnancy before the foetus reaches viability.
(all pregnancy losses from the time of conception until 24 weeks of gestation)
what amount of pregnancies end in miscarriage?
1 in 5 pregnancies will end in a loss before 12 weeks
what is a biochemical pregnancy?
when you have hormones (hCG) but not signs of pregnancy
Biochemical loss - when there was evidence of pregnancy but they go away, it happens before clinical signs of pregnancy.
what are the types of miscarriage?
related to time
biochemical, early pregnancy loss and late pregnancy loss.
what are the risk factors for miscarriage?
- Gestational age: <6weeks -25%,6-12weeks-12-20%,12 weeks 1-2%
- Chromosomal abnormality: 50% of miscarriage
- Maternal and paternal age
- Previous miscarriage
- Pre-pregnancy weight
- Alcohol intake
- Smoking, Excessive Caffeine
what are the types of miscarriage?
Threatened miscarriage Inevitable miscarriage Incomplete miscarriage Complete miscarriage Septic miscarriage Anembryonic miscarriage(Blighted ovum) Missed miscarriage (Silent or delayed)
what is a threatened miscarriage ?
when the woman has a little bit of bleeding but the baby is find
could be due to a little bit of separation from the womb
what is an inevitable misscariage?
inevitable - the miscarriage has already started and you can’t stop it
what is septic miscarriage?
when there is an associated infection
what is incomplete miscarriage
incomplete miscarriage when there is products of pregnancy left in the womb.
what is a missed miscarriage (/silent or delayed)
when you have seen the heart beat but it is no longer there
what are the ultrasound criteria for diagnosis of miscarriage?
Crown-rump length of at least 7 mm and no heartbeat.
Mean gestational sac diameter of at least 25 mm and no embryo.
Absence of embryo with heartbeat at least 2 weeks after an ultrasound scan
that showed a gestational sac without a yolk sac.
Absence of embryo with heartbeat at least 11 days after an ultrasound scan
that showed a gestational sac with a yolk sac.
when can you first see the heart beat?
6 weeks
what happens if you can’t see heart by 7 weeks?
baby has probably miscarried.
what are the stages of miscarriage?
- USS shows early an embryonic or fetal death
- vaginal bleeding occurs
- open cervical OS (inevitable miscarriage)
- miscarriage (products of conception are expelled and cramps and bleeding soon subside)
what is an ectopic pregnancy?
A pregnancy located outside of the uterine cavity, usually in the fallopian tube. Incidence is 11.1/1000 pregnancies
what is the most common site for ectopic pregnancy?
the ampullary region of the fallopian tube
what are the sites that ectopic pregnancies can occur?
ypes: Tubal (Ampullary, cornual), ovarian, cervical, abdominal, cervical
what is a heterotopic pregnancy?
one in the fallopian tube and one in the womb
what are the common symptoms of ectopic pregnancy?
- abdominal or pelvic pain
- amenorrhoea or missed period
- vaginal bleeding with or without clots .
what are less common symptoms of ectopic pregnancy?
dizziness, fainting or syncope shoulder tip pain urinary symptoms passage of tissue rectal pressure or pain on defecation.
what are the signs of ectopic pregnancy?
Common signs:
pelvic tenderness
adnexal tenderness
abdominal tenderness
Other signs:
cervical motion tenderness
rebound tenderness or peritoneal signs pallor
abdominal distension
enlarged uterus
tachycardia or hypotension
shock or collapse orthostatic hypotension.
why does a pseudo sac occur in ectopic pregnancy?
because of rising oestrogen - secretions appear like a pseudo sac
you can tell if it is a proper pregnancy if it has a yolk sac inside it.