Food and Agriculture

Question 1

Malnutrition

Answer 1

deficiencies of
protein and other key nutrients

Question 2

Undernourishment

Answer 2

hunger-people
cannot grow or produce enough
food to meet basic energy needs

Question 3

Famine

Answer 3

is an acute food shortage
that has ended in widespread
deaths and migration in search of
food. It has social, and often
political causes.

Question 4

Iron

Answer 4

Hemoglobin needs to transport O2.Causes
anemia, fatigue, more prone to infection, chance
of women dying in child birth due to infection

Question 5

Iodine

Answer 5

essential for proper functioning of thyroid
gland which produces hormones that control the
rate of metabolism. Can lead to stunted growth,
mental retardation and goiter-swollen thyroid
gland

Question 6

Poverty

Answer 6

unequal food distribution; food exists but not everyone has access

Question 7

Political and Economic Forces

Answer 7

refugees that may have grown and stored food have fled due to war/natural disaster

Question 8

Three systems that supply most of our food

Answer 8

Croplands, Rangelands/Pastures, Ocean Fisheries

Question 9

Pest

Answer 9

any species that competes for food, invades
lawns/crops, spreads disease, invades ecosystems

Question 10

First Generation Pesticides (1945-1965)

Answer 10

natural
chemicals that were initially used to fight off pests. Ex.
Nicotine from tobacco plants / Pyrethrum from
chrysanthemums. Environmentally friendly but not as
good as synthetics

Question 11

Second Generation Pesticides(1965- today)

Answer 11

began with
DDT, a powerful pesticide that produced yields never
seen before, farmers happy, until early 1970’s when it
was found to biomagnify in bald eagles due to being a
top carnivore. DDT weakened the shells so chicks would
die. Produced in a laboratory. Synthetic. Fat Soluble.

Question 12

Fat soluble

Answer 12

does not dissolve in water; concentrates itself
in body tissues and does not “flush” out. This is bad.

Question 13

Water soluble

Answer 13

like vitamins; you cannot overdose on
vitamin C. Body just flushes it out.

Question 14

Pesticide Treadmill

Answer 14

Insects become resistant;a more
toxic compound is developed;
insects become resistant and the
cycle continues.

Question 15

Integrated Pest
Management

Answer 15

Alternatives
to Pesticides. Uses a mix of
cultivation practices and
biological controls with small
amounts of select chemical
pesticides. Goal is to reduce
crop damage to an
economically tolerable level.

Question 16

Conservation Tillage

Answer 16

Leaves the
previous year’s
crop residue (such
as corn stalks or
wheat stubble) on
fields before and
after planting the
next crop
prevents top soil
loss.

Question 17

Intercropping

Answer 17

growing two or
more crops in close
proximity

Question 18

Agroforestry

Answer 18

Trees or shrubs are grown
among crops or
pastureland; combines
agricultural and forestry
technologies to create
more diverse, productive,
profitable, healthy, and
sustainable land-use
systems.

Question 19

Contour Farming

Answer 19

Growing crops “on the
level” across or
perpendicular to a slope
rather than up and down
(parallel) to the slope.
Slows water from flowing
down and eroding the soil

Question 20

Crop Rotation

Answer 20

alternating crops
each growing season on one piece of
ground

Question 21

Plantation farming (also known as Banana
Republics)

Answer 21

growing monoculture cash crops of
bananas, soybeans, sugarcane, coffee, palm oil
mostly in tropical developing countries.

Question 22

Confined Animal Feeding Operations/CAFO:)

Answer 22

CAFO’s congregate animals, feed, manure and urine, dead animals,
and production operations on a small land area. Feed is brought to
the animals rather than the animals grazing or otherwise seeking
feed in pastures, fields, or on rangeland

Question 23

Capture fisheries

Answer 23

fish caught in wild

Question 24

By-catch

Answer 24

fish, mammals birds caught that are not the target fish
ex. Dolphins in the tuna nets

Question 25

Drifnets

Answer 25

float through water and catch everything-not so great for biodiversity. Hits top mostly

Question 26

Long lining

Answer 26

baited hooks

Question 27

Bottom trawling

Answer 27

Easiest way to fish and get lots of fish. Heavy nets scrape the bottom of the ocean floor picking up everything in path. Could include endangered species. Not good.

Question 28

Governments use two main approaches to influence food production

Answer 28

1) control prices by putting a legally mandated upper limit on prices in order to keep prices artifically low and affordable -hard for farmers to make a living 2) Provide subsidies by giving farmers price supports and tax breaks

Question 29

Global Crop Diversity

Answer 29

gene banks to save gene pool of 100,000 varieties of food – needed because of monoculture

Question 30

1st Green Revolution

Answer 30

brought about dramatic increases in productivity due to technology in farming practices and hybridizing (concentrating good genes like “bigger fruit”.),The Green Revolution has done more than anything else to prevent hunger and malnutrition

Question 31

Biofuel

Answer 31

a renewable fuel made from ethanol and oil derived from crops

Question 32

Ethanol

Answer 32

made from corn (in the U.S.) and sugar (Brazil) ,1/3 of U.S. corn is devoted to ethanol production , Higher oil prices make ethanol more competitive

Question 33

The 2nd Green Revolution

Answer 33

Genetic engineering is now widely used to increase productivity., GMOS

Question 34

Secondary pests

Answer 34

minor pests become major when competitor pests have been eliminated by a toxic gene that was put into the “crop” they were trying to eat

Question 35

Mirid bugs

Answer 35

a major pest to cotton in China only after competing insects and predators were killed