Food Choices and Health Lecture 2-3

Question 1

Why care about nutrition in foods?

Answer 1

Nutrients in food help build the foundation of health within the body

Question 2

What are the nutrients in food and their roles?

Answer 2

water, carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals

Question 3

What constitutes a nutritious diet?

Answer 3

adequacy, balance, caloric control, moderation, and variety

Question 4

How do we know what we know about nutrition?

Answer 4

science

Question 5

How can a person keep up with changing

information?

Answer 5

identify valid and credible nutrition information

Question 6

Chosen foods have a cumulative effect, why?

Answer 6

A snapshot in time does not determine your overall health

status

Question 7

name some types of Malnutrition

Answer 7

Deficiencies, imbalances, and excesses

Question 8

what is the term we use when Genetics and nutrition affect diseases to varying degrees

Answer 8

Nutrition genomics

Question 9

Where does the energy for the body come from?

Answer 9

Indirectly from the sun (e.g., eating plant-derived foods or eating animals that eat plants)

Question 10

How many nutrients does the body require?

Answer 10

Six

Question 11

What are the nutrients?

Answer 11

Water 62% of body 
carbohydrates 1% of body and 4 cal/g
fat 16% of body and 9 cal/g
protein 16% of body and 4 cal/g
vitamins, and minerals 6% of body; don't provide any energy but are essential

Question 12

what are energy yielding nutrients measured in? what the major nutrients of the body?

Answer 12

calories; carbs, fats, proteins, and alcohol

Question 13

how much energy do carbs, fats, proteins, alcohols yield?

Answer 13

carbs: 4 cal/g
fats: 9 cal/g
proteins: 4 cal/g
alcohol: 7 cal/g, not a nutrient

Question 14

When are elemental diets necessary?

Answer 14

• Sick or ill patients who cannot consume whole food

*An elemental diet is a diet that proposes the ingestion, or in more severe cases use of a gastric feeding tube or intravenous feeding, of liquid nutrients in an easily assimilated form. It is usually composed of amino acids, fats, sugars, vitamins, and minerals

Question 15

Why is food superior to supplements, what is affected?

Answer 15

• Digestive tract; muscles weaken
• Brain stimulation; hormone feedback loops
• Nutrient interactions
• Phytochemicals
• Bioactive food components affect disease risk
• Physical and emotional comfort

Question 16

what are the different types of studies?

Answer 16

case study, epidemiological study, intervention study, laboratory study

Question 17

what is a case study?

Answer 17

May lead to possible avenues of research through

generation of scientific questions

Question 18

what is an epidemiological study?

Answer 18

Looks for correlations in large populations

Question 19

what is an intervention study?

Answer 19

Alter people’s eating habits and examine effects

Question 20

what is a laboratory study?

Answer 20

Pinpoint mechanisms by which nutrition acts

Question 21

what are the impacts of food choices on a person’s health?

Answer 21

they have cumulative effect, meaning you see and feel the effects physically

continuous renewal of bodily tissues

support body’s growth and maintenance in relation to continuous renewal

a well balanced diet also prevents malnutrition (deficiencies, imbalances, and excesses)

If you have a poor diet, your health can deteriorate and can lead to chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, strokes.

Certain diseases more nutrition related than others
iron-deficiency anemia 
Vitamin/mineral deficiencies 
Toxicities 
Poor resistance to disease

Question 22

what are the seven major categories of nutrition and weight related objectives included in the healthy people 2020 initiative? and how they might evolve over time?

Answer 22

chronic disease
food safety
maternal, infant, child health
nutrient consumption
physical activity
food security
eating disorders

Each decade , the U.S Department of Health and Human services sets health and nutrition objectives for the nation. Constant assessment of the nation’s health is required. In 2015, the nation’s health report was mixed: the # of adults meeting physical activity and muscle strengthening guidelines increased from 18 % to over 20% of the population, but most people’s diets still lacked enough vegetables and obesity rates were creeping higher among people aged 2 years and older.

Question 23

what are the six classes of nutrients?

Answer 23

carbohydrates
fat
protein
vitamins
minerals
water

Question 24

what the challenges and solutions to choosing a health promoting diet?

Answer 24

challenges:
how foods are chosen
an intentional act
Cultural and social 
-Traditional cuisines and foodways 
-Cultural competence
Vegetarian or omnivore
factors
taste
price
convenience
advertising
habit
positive/negative
values
nutrition and health benefits

Solutions
adequecy
balance
calorie control
moderation
variety

Question 25

the science of nutrition

Answer 25

a young and fast growing science where scientists ask questions and then design research experiments to test possible answer and this stems from the use of the scientific method

Question 26

this person eats too little of nutrient X and has illness Y is an example of what kind of study?

Answer 26

case study

Question 27

this country's food supply contains more nutrient X and theses people suffer less illness Y is an example of what kind of study?

Answer 27

epidemiological study

Question 28

lets add foods containing X to some peoples food supply and compare their rates of illness Y with the rates of others who do not receive the nutrient

Answer 28

intervention study

Question 29

now lets prove that a nutrient X deficiency causes illness Y by inducing a deficiency in these rats

Answer 29

lab study

Question 30

what is the significance of behavior change in improving diet?

Answer 30

physical, mental, emotional benefits; To act on knowledge people must change their behaviors and this takes substantial effort

Question 31

what is the cycle for the process of change? list the steps

Answer 31

You must identify your dietary problems and set realistic goals that are small and achievable and have specific behaviors to target those goals ``` precontemplation - no desire contemplation - recognizing a change is needed preparation - gathering resources action - effort maintenance - routine and habit ```

Question 32

what is the importance of nutrient density in creating a healthy diet plan?

Answer 32

provides you filling full, more vitamins and mineral content, helps with providing good energy

Question 33

how do we evaluate authenticity of nutrition information sources?

Answer 33

avoid anything not backed by credible authorities. Always use professional health organizations, government health energies, volunteer health agencies, consumer groups as credible sources of information and generally true experts of nutrition come from the academy of nutrition and dietetics like RDN, certified diabetes educatior, etc...

Question 34

how do we detect fake credentials?

Answer 34

via accredited institution, licensing

Question 35

Which two lifestyle habits are more influential than diet? A. Being active; smoking and other tobacco use B. Drinking alcohol in excess; taking drugs C. Sleep deprivation; being inactive D. Smoking and other tobacco use; drinking alcohol in excess E. Take drugs; sleep deprivation

Answer 35

D

Question 36

which of the four causes of death in the south are directly related to dietary choices? A. heart disease, cancers, strokes, and diabetes B. heart disease, accidents, kidney disease, and diabetes C. heart disease, kidney disease, diabetes, and accidents D. Alzheimer’s, accidents, cancers, and heart disease E. Alzheimer’s, diabetes, strokes, and cancers

Answer 36

A

Question 37

Body type and body locations where fat is accumulated is genetically determined. Which statements are true regarding our genes? A. Only 10% of the human genome accounts for all our individual differences B. Only 1% of the human genome accounts for all our individual differences C. Only 0.1% of the human genome accounts for all our individual differences D. Our genes are coiled molecules of nucleic acids that map our weight pre-birth E. Our genes entirely determine our height and weight

Answer 37

C

Question 38

What is the best definition of a functional food? A. the foods that are specially manufactured for use by people with medical disorders and administered on the advice of a physician B. foods that are minimally process and considered wholesome C. food subjected to any process, such as milling, alteration of texture, addition of additives, cooking, or others D. foods grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers E. whole or modified foods that contain bioactive food components believed to provide health benefits

Answer 38

E

Question 39

What stage of behavioral change is characterized by admitting change may be needed? ``` A. preparation B. action C. maintenance D. precontemplation E. contemplation ```

Answer 39

E

Question 40

Calculate total energy in foods, i.e. you ate pizza that has 26g of Carbohydrate, 15g of Fats, 12 g of protein

Answer 40

(26g*4cal/g)+(15g*9g/cal)+(12g*4cal/g)= 287 total energy

Question 41

what are the healthy diet characteristics?

Answer 41

``` Adequacy Balance Calorie Control Moderation Variety ```

Question 42

what are the factors driving food choices?

Answer 42

TASTE Price Convenience

Question 43

other factors that determine what factors determine why people choose the foods they consume?

Answer 43

``` Other factors: Advertising, availability, emotional comfort habit , preference, social norms Positive or negative associations Values, weight Nutrition and health benefits ```

Question 44

What are the scientific approaches for nutrition-related research and various research designs that have been effectively used for nutrition discoveries?

Answer 44

``` Scientific method used for nutrition related research observation and question Hypothesis and prediction experiment results and interpretations hypothesis supported → theory ```

Question 45

What are the differences between nutrient-dense and energy-dense foods and the various forms they may take?

Answer 45

Nutrient dense foods - higher nutrient density that also give energy Limit solid fats, added sugars, and alcohol → empty calories Raw oil → vitamin E and essential lipids Ex: Toast, egg, bacon, bananas, fruits, coffee Energy dense foods - higher energy, but no nutrients 2 doughnuts with coffee

Question 46

What is the benefit of knowing dietary preferences, physical activity preferences, and other lifestyle behavior information about individuals in need of intervention?

Answer 46

It can help when trying to diagnose if they have a particular disease or if those issues are a reason why they are at increased risk for a particular disease These factors influence development of disease and can help in the treatment process.

Question 47

in terms of healthy diet characteristics, what is adequacy?

Answer 47

the foods provide enough of each of the essential nutrient, fiber, energy

Question 48

in terms of healthy diet characteristics, what is balance?

Answer 48

the choices do not overemphasize one nutrient or food type a the expense of another

Question 49

in terms of healthy diet characteristics, what is Calorie Control?

Answer 49

the foods provide the amount of energy you need to maintain the appropriate weight

Question 50

in terms of healthy diet characteristics, what is moderation?

Answer 50

the foods do not provide excess fat, salt, sugar, or other unwanted constituents

Question 51

in terms of healthy diet characteristics, what is variety?

Answer 51

the foods chosen differ from one day to the next