food security

Question 1

food security definition

Answer 1

all people at all times have access to sufficient safe nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life

Question 2

chronic food insecurity

Answer 2

problems of continuing or structural poverty and low incomes e.g. ethiopia

Question 3

transitory food insecurity

Answer 3

periods of intensified pressure caused by conflict or natural disasters e.g. Venezuela

Question 4

food security challenge

Answer 4

provide food security for expanding population
7.84 billion humans in 2021, 78% live in developing countries
9.8 billion by 2050, 86% in developing countries

Question 5

harvest increase tactics

Answer 5

• land reform- improved access to land involves redistributing land to those who previously had limited access so more food can be produced through agriculture
• GM technologies to specifically pick crops that have value

Question 6

climate change stats

Answer 6

• feed human population in 2050 we will require food supplies increase by 60% globally and 00% in developing countries
  -climate change reduces agriculture by 2% each decade
• if food demand grows as projected by 2050 we would need-
  120% more water
  42% more cropland
  lose 14% more forest
  77% more GHG emissions
  if we assume sustainable intensification we would still need 56 more water, 5 more cropland, lose 8 forests, 42 more GHG emissions

Question 7

Paris agreement

Answer 7

signatories to keep the increase in global average temp to well below 2 degrees above pre industrial levels, with an aim to limit increase to 1.5
- food system account for most of the GHG emissions budget for 2 degrees so impossible to meet the agreement unless choose between planet or people (Brynglesson et al)

Question 8

oman for medicago sativa
/lucerne

Answer 8

main feed for camels, goats, sheeps
2015 - 12%
2020 - 17.4%
2050 - 2.3%

Question 9

phases of food insecurity

Answer 9

1 = none/minimal = households able to meet essential food and non food needs
2 = stressed = household have minimally adequate food consumption but are unable to afford some essential non food expenditures
3= crisis = food consumption gaps, marginally able to meet minimal food standards
4 = emergency = high acute malnutriton
emergency strategies
5 = household extreme lack of food
starvation and death

Question 10

worst countries

Answer 10

yemen = 15.9 million people, 53%
democratic republic of congo - 24%

Question 11

malnourishment - loss of ecosystem

Answer 11

intrinsic value - biodiversity is valuable in own right as associated with cultural, social, ethical and aesthetic values
commercial value - economically valueable goods and services, eco tourism
potential value - undiscovered taxa hold genes that provide benefits to future gens e.g. medicines
functional value - sustain biological processes ie. water

Question 12

traditional frontier ethic

Answer 12

• always more resoruces and its at human disposal
• humans are apart from nature and immune to natural laws
• human success derived from its control of nature

Question 13

to exist FS requires four elements…

Answer 13

food availability - sufficient quantities of appropriate quality food, supplied through domestic production or imports
food access - access by individuals to adequate resources to buy appropriate foods for nutritious diet
utilization - food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well being, brings out importance of non-food input in food security (fuel wood)
stability - population, household, individual must have access to adequate food at all times, should not risk losing access to food as a consequence of sudden shocks or cyclical events

Question 14

FAO state of food security in world

Answer 14

• 135 million people 2019 in 55 countries reported to be facing phase 3 crisis or worse, 60% increase compared to 2015 when the figure was 80 million
• 850 million people in world undernourished
  -39 hotspot countries required external assistance with critical food insecurity; 36 Africa, 10 Asia, 8 Latin America

Question 15

FAO risk register

Answer 15

Humans induces crises either –p——directly e.g. Yemen 17M, Syria 7M, South Sudan 4.9M’
-indirectly through interaction with natural hazards - that would otherwise have been of minor importance e.g. el nino related drought conditions that damaged agricultural livelihoods, particularly in eastern and southern africa somalia, ethiopia (9.7M)

Question 16

la nina and rainfall

Answer 16

conditions in the tropical pacific are known to shift rainfall patterns in many different parts of the world

Question 17

FAO policy priorities for food security

Answer 17

• twin track approach by tackling immediate hunger and longer term food security issues

Question 18

short term FAO

Answer 18

I.e. availability = food aid, seed/input relief, restocking livestock capital, enabling market revival
access and utilization = transfers - food/cash based, asset redistribution, social rehabilitation, nutrition intervention
stability - re establishing social safety nets, peace building

Question 19

FAO medium term

Answer 19

availability - enhance food supply with most vulnerable, improve rural food most vunlerable production esp by small scale farmers
rural infrastructure investment
revitalise livestock
resource rehab and conservation
access and utilizagion - re establish rural instututions, enhance access to assests, ensure access to land, revive rural financial sysytems, strenghten labour market, social rehab programmes
stability - diverse agriculture and employment, monitoring food security and vunlerbaility, dealing with the structural causes of food insecurity, reintegrate displaced people

Question 20

FAO long term

Answer 20

• ensure food security objectives are incorportated into national poverty reduction strategies
• foster broad based, sustainable agriculture and rural growth
• involves locals

Question 21

policy interventions

Answer 21

-stabilise food prices = trade policies stabilize domestic prices, subsidise when world prices are high imports when world prices are low
food storage and release when food deficits occur, purchase food surpluses occur
implement variable quantity social safety nets, increase support during times of high food prices and reduce at other times

Question 22

FAO indicators

Answer 22

availability - avg dietary energy supply adequacy
value food production
share of dietary info in products
protein supply
access - rail line density
gross domestic product per capita
prevalance of undernourishment
prevalance of severe food insecurity in total population
depth of food deficit
utilization - access to improved water
access to sanitation
percentage of children under 5 affected by wasting
percentage of children under 5 who are stunted
stability - cereal import dependency ratio
percentage of arable land equipped for irrigation
value of food imports over total merch exports
political stability and absence of violence
per capita food production variability
food supply variability

Question 23

predicting food insecurity

Answer 23

• extreme weather
• pests, livestock, agriculture problems
• military conflict
• lack of emergency plans
• corruption and political instability
• cash crops dependence
• AIDs and other diseases = reduces farmers, food price rises ie.e ebola in seira lorene
• rapid pop growth = Nigeria increased from 2.5 million to 15 million 1950-2010

Question 24

COVID 19

Answer 24

• impacts on food access through reduced household purchasing power
• availability of food decreases, agricultural production and food supply chains
• impacts on gov capacities to protect vulnerable populations
• impacts of political stability
• inflict on conflict dynamics

Question 25

zero hunger 2023

Answer 25

- global prevalence of undernourishment persistence for three years - 713 and 757 million people may have faced hunger in 2023 -1/11 people in world, one out of every five Africa experience hunger on reg basis