Foot & Ankle

Question 1

The healthy foot offers stability for both _____ and ______.

Answer 1

loading; propulsion

Question 2

The healthy foot provides ________ input that helps to coordinate movement (feedback for feedforward)

Answer 2

somatosensory

Question 3

_______ or _____ movement = muscle activity that allows for stability of one part and mobility of another

Answer 3

dissociated/ selective

Question 4

_______ producing _______ = somatosensory feedback to SC and CNS that produced feedforward response resulting in appropriate muscle activity

Answer 4

feedback; feedforward

Question 5

What type of joint is distal tip-fib?

Answer 5

syndesmosis

Question 6

What is the most stable position of the foot?

Answer 6

full DF

Question 7

Medial bones of foot?

Answer 7

talus, navicular, cuneiforms, first 3 MT’s and corresponding phalanges

Question 8

Lateral bones of foot?

Answer 8

calcaneus, cuboid, lateral 2 MT’s and corresponding phalanges

Question 9

What are the 3 cuneiforms shaped as? Why?

Answer 9

an arch; putting pressure through the keystone increases the stability

Question 10

What are the two ligaments on the lateral side of the foot that provide a lot of stability?

Answer 10

short and long plantar ligaments

Question 11

When heel striking, where do you want your COM to be? Why?

Answer 11

slightly lateral; due to strong short and long plantar ligaments and bc calcaneo-cuboid joint is very stable

Question 12

What type of joint is the calcaneocuboid ?

Answer 12

modified seller

Question 13

_____ ______ = very important in providing support for foot when toes are in extension

Answer 13

plantar fasciitis

Question 14

The muscular stability from the front of the leg for the foot is quite _______ oriented, whereas the muscular support from the back of the leg is quite _______

Answer 14

vertically; rotary

Question 15

Why is having muscles providing support in a rotary orientation beneficial?

Answer 15

Provides support in multiplanar directions

Question 16

As you heel strike and your COM moves forward, the lateral side of the foot provides _______ whereas the medial side of the foot provides ______

Answer 16

stability; mobility

Question 17

As you push off and the COM moves towards your big toe, the medial side will move to (close packed/loose packed) position, and lateral side of foot will move to (close packed/loose packed) position

Answer 17

close packed; loose packed

Question 18

Average walking speed? Average strikes per minute?

Answer 18

3.6- 4.5 km/hr; 60

Question 19

5 phases of gait?

Answer 19

1. initial contact
2. loading response
3. midstance
4. terminal stance
5. swing

Question 20

At IC, GRF is through the ______ ______

Answer 20

posterior calcaneus

Question 21

At IC, the subtalar joint is i the ________ position

Answer 21

supinated

Question 22

Muscle activity at IC?

Answer 22

1. tib ant
2. EDL
3. EHL

Question 23

During LR, ankle begins to ____ to allow toes to come to ground

Answer 23

PF

Question 24

During LR, subtalar joint begins _______ to come out of supinated position

Answer 24

pronating

Question 25

During LR, the load is transferred onto _______ foot

Answer 25

lateral

Question 26

Main supports during LR?

Answer 26

long and short plantar ligaments

Question 27

Muscle activity during LR?

Answer 27

1. gastroc 2. soleus 3. TP 4. FDL 5. FHL 6. Intrinsics

Question 28

What muscle group decelerates pronation during LR?

Answer 28

posterior tibial

Question 29

During mid stance, COM travels from position poster to the ankle joint axis to in front of it thereby loading the ______ region

Answer 29

tarsal

Question 30

During mid stance, COM travels from the ________ side of the foot to the _____

Answer 30

lateral; medial

Question 31

During midstance, there is a lengthening of the ____ from heel contact to 10% of stance; and the _____ will drop

Answer 31

MLA; navicular

Question 32

During mid stance, ST joint reaches max ______ and begins to ______

Answer 32

pronation; supinate

Question 33

Main 3 muscle groups on during mid stance?

Answer 33

1. gastrocs and soleus 2. deep post tib group 3. peroneii

Question 34

During TS, there is ST ______

Answer 34

supination

Question 35

During TS, the TC jt ______, the TMT's ____, and toes extend, tightening the PF

Answer 35

PF; PF

Question 36

PF is associated with ______, whereas DF is associated with ______

Answer 36

folding; fanning

Question 37

During TS, there is a posterior glide of the 1st MT head on the _____

Answer 37

sesamoids

Question 38

During TS, the 1st MT head moves _____ the common transverse plane of the lesser MT heads

Answer 38

below

Question 39

During TS, the proximal phalanx glides ______ and 1st MTP extends

Answer 39

dorsally

Question 40

Toe off occurs through a stable extended 1st MTP at ~ ___ deg extension

Answer 40

65

Question 41

Muscle activity during TS?

Answer 41

1. gastrocs 2. soleus 3. peroneii 4. tib post 5. FHL 6. intrinsics

Question 42

4 functional tasks during gait?

Answer 42

1. weight acceptance 2. SLS 3. limb advancement 4. propulsion

Question 43

Initiation of walking is via ___ _____ firing

Answer 43

hip flexor

Question 44

During mid stance, use kinetic energy from loading response to go into most vertical orientation into ____

Answer 44

SLS

Question 45

_____ is the most unstable position during gait and therefore need all body parts stacked on top of one another to use force produced by gastroc and soleus

Answer 45

TS

Question 46

Trunk follows displacement of COM in a ______ and ______ orientation

Answer 46

vertical; horizontal

Question 47

Trunk has rotation that occurs around a _______ axis that is in the ______ direction to that of the pelvis

Answer 47

vertical; opposite

Question 48

Total rational excursion of the trunk is __ degrees and is one of the determinants of efficient gait

Answer 48

7

Question 49

Evidence suggests that the trunk is an active component of postural control preceding the initiation of ______

Answer 49

stepping

Question 50

Max backward swing of the ipsilateral arm occurs at ___

Answer 50

HC

Question 51

Shoulders are _____ at SLS

Answer 51

neutral

Question 52

Max forward swing ipsilateral arm at HC of ________ leg

Answer 52

contralateral

Question 53

Arms moving across the body is often a sign of ______ instability

Answer 53

lateral

Question 54

There is moderate evidence suggesting lowered max vertical GRF when running ______

Answer 54

barefoot

Question 55

There is mod evidence suggesting barefoot running is associated with increase ____ frequency, shorter ____ length and less ground ____ time

Answer 55

stride; stride; contact

Question 56

Mod evidence suggestive of decreased foot and ankle _______ at IC when barefoot

Answer 56

DF

Question 57

Mod evidence suggesting increased knee _____ at ground contact and less knee ___ during stance when barefoot or in minimalist shoes

Answer 57

flexion

Question 58

3 indications of orthotics?

Answer 58

1. to act as a SPLINT to take pressure or strain off an injured structure to allow healing 2. improve function of foot thereby decreasing stress on the lower quadrant 3. to balance intrinsic foot deformities

Question 59

3 cautions for orthotics?

Answer 59

1. no attempt has been made to improve function through other treatment options 2. sensory impairment 3. poor footwear

Question 60

Present research suggests _______ orthotics are as effective as custom made

Answer 60

accommodative

Question 61

2 movements to check when assessing orthotics?

Answer 61

1. knee flexion with and without orthotics (drop into squat, how does knee track over foot?) 2. extend the 1st MTP and see how much resistance there is to movement with and without orthotic (less = better!)