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Exam 3 Clinical anatomy > Foot region > Flashcards

Foot region Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

the foot consists of what four types of bones?

A

tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges, and sesamoids

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2
Q

seven tarsal bones

A

calcaneus, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, navicular, intermediate cuneiform, medial cuneiform

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3
Q

metatarsal bones

A

first through fifth

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4
Q

phalanges

A

proximal, 1 through 5

distal, 1 through 5

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5
Q

sesamoids

A

medial and lateral sesamoids located in the tendons of flexor hallucis brevis inferior to the first metatarsal head

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6
Q

what can cause fracture of the sesamoids?

A

repeated pounding of the foot such as in running or if a heavy object falls on the big toe

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7
Q

bones of medial portion of arch

A

calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms, first, second and third metatarsals with their respective phalanges, and the constant sesamoids

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8
Q

bones of lateral portion of arch

A

calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth metatarsals with their respective phalanges

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9
Q

surgical division of feet

A

forefoot
midfoot
rearfoot

forefoot: metatarsals, phalanges, and sesamoids
midfoot: navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiforms
rearfoot: calcaneus and talus

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10
Q

what is joint between rearfoot and midfoot? midfoot and forefoot?

A

rearfoot/midfoot: midtarsal joint (transverse tarsal joint or chopart’s joint)
midfoot/forefoot: lisfranc’s joint or tarsometatarsal joint

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11
Q

structures of talus

A

body, neck and head

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12
Q

structures of calcaneus

A

calcaneal tuberosity, sustentaculum tali, and fibular or peroneal tubercle (fibular or peroneal trochlea)

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13
Q

navicular structure

A

tuberosity of navicular

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14
Q

cuboid structures

A

tuberosity of the cuboid, and fibular or peroneal ridge

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15
Q

fifth metatarsal structures

A

tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal base

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16
Q

two types of accessory bones:

A

ossicles and sesamoids

ossicles are a result of anomalous devt.
sesamoids are found in tendons and joint capsules and usually present to reduce friction of a tendon or alter the pull of a tendon

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17
Q

fractures of the calcaneus are caused by? result in?

A

by some type of fall

result in a comminuted fracture that disrupts the subtalar joint

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18
Q

heel spurs

A

bony projection from the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity

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19
Q

talar neck fractures

A

result of severe dorsiflexion such as when pressing on brakes

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20
Q

metatarsal fractures

A

common when heavy object falls on the foot or when the foot is run over by a heavy object

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21
Q

how is ankle joint formed? what kind of joint is it?

A

it is a synovial joint.
formed by malleolar fork or ankle mortice
(lateral surface of medial malleolus, inferior surface of distal extremity of tibia and medial surface of the lateral malleolus) articulating with the body of the talus (medial, superior and lateral surfaces of body of the talus or talar dome)

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22
Q

major ligaments of ankle joint are

A

articular capsule
lateral ankle ligaments
medial ankle ligaments or deltoid ligament

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23
Q

lateral ankle ligaments (3)

A

anterior talofibular
posterior talofibular
calcaneofibular

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24
Q

medial ankle ligaments or deltoid ligament

A

superficial deltoid

deep deltoid

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25
superficial deltoid ligaments
tibionavicular calcaneotibial and posterior talotibial
26
deep deltoid ligament
anterior talotibial
27
ankle sprains due to? damage consists of?
usually due to an inversion injury which involves twisting of the weightbearing foot damage usually consists of straining and/or tearing of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. there may also an avulsion fracture of the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal base
28
ankle fractures are due to ? how are they classified?
due to indirect trauma such as in twisting motions of the ankle with the foot fractures are usually classified by the malleoli involved (univalleolar, bimalleolar, and trimalleolar) or the foot position and talar movement at time of injury (lauge-hansen)
29
subtalar joint. formed by. important in. major ligaments are.
formed by the three articular areas on the talus articulating with the corresponding areas on the calcaneus subtalar joint motion is important in supination and pronation major ligaments are: anterior talocalcaneal and interosseous talocalcaneal
30
midtarsal joint (transverse tarsal joint) what why important major ligaments
talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints function together as the midtarsal joint midtarsal joint important in supination and pronation major ligaments are: spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) bifurcate short plantar long plantar
31
``` longitudinal arch of foot posterior / anterior base body of arch lateral part medial part ```
posterior: tuberosity of calcaneus anterior: metatarsal heads and sesamoids body: metatarsal and tarsal bones with talus the keystone or highest point lateral part: calcaneus, cuboid, lateral two metatarsals and their phalanges medial part: calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, medial three metarsals with their phalanges and sesamoids
32
transverse arch of the foot | what forms it? what is highest point
cuboid, cuneiforns, and bases of the metatarsals form transverse arch. highest point of arch lies at the second cuneiform and base of the second metatarsal
33
intrinsic vs extrinsic
intrinsic muscles originate and insert in the foot extrinsic muscles originate outside of the foot and insert in the foot intrinsic divided into dorsal and plantar
34
Dorsum of foot made up of
skin, superficial and deep fascia
35
dorsum of foot: muscles 2
extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis
36
dorsum of foot: tendons of extrinsic muscles
tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus fibularis tertius
37
how are plantar foot muscles organized?
in four layers from superficial to deep, or into compartments: medial, lateral, central, and interosseous
38
why is knowledge of plantar compartments important clinically?
in spread and treatment of infections
39
what is plantar aponeurosis?
deep fascia of plantar foot
40
plantar fascitis ?
an inflammation at the attachment of the central portion of the plantar aponeurosis to the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity.
41
first layer of plantar muscle
abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis abductor digiti minimi
42
second layer of plantar muscles
``` quadratus plantae (flexor accessorius) lumbricales ```
43
what is the knot of Henry?
fibrous cord that connects tendon of FDL to tendon of flexor hallucis longus
44
third layer of plantar muscles
flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis
45
in what layer of plantar foot do tendons of fibularis longus and tibialis posterior course?
third layer
46
fourth layer of plantar muscles
plantar interossei | dorsal interossei
47
how many plantar interossei? function?
three/ adduct
48
how many dorsal interossei? function?
four and they abduct
49
where do the muscles of the dorsum of foot originate?
calcaneus
50
what innervates the muscles of the dorsum of foot?
deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
51
extensor hallucis brevis, insertion and action
base of proximal phalanx of the hallux | dorsiflex of the proximal phalanx of the hallux
52
Extensor digitorum brevis, insertion and action
lateral side of the second, third, fourth tendons of textensor digitorum longus dorsiflex the phalanges of digits 2, 3 and 4
53
which muscle in first plantar layer is not innervated by medial plantar nerve?
abductor digiti minimi, which makes sense since it is lateral. it is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve.
54
abductior hallucis, origin, insertion, action, innervation
o: calcaneal tuberosity, tuberosity of the navicular i: medial sesamoid and then into the base of the proximal phalanx of the hallux a: abducts and plantarflexes hallux n: medial plantar nerve
55
flexor digitorum brevis, OIAN
o: calcalneal tuberosity i: middle phalanges of lesser digits a: plantarflexes middle and proximal phalanges of lesser digits n: medial plantar nerve
56
abductor digiti minimi: oia
o: calcaneal tuberosity, tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal base i. lateral side of the proximal phalanx of fifth toe a: abducts and plantarflexes the fifth toe
57
quadratus plantae oian
o: medial head; medial surface of calcaneus/ lateral head plantar surface of calcaneus i: tendon of flexor digitorum longus a: assist flexor digitorum longus n: lateral plantar nerve
58
lumbricals
o: tendons of flexor digitorum longus i: medial side of extensor hoods of lesser digits a. plantarflex proximal phalanges/ extend middle and distal phalanges n. first medial plantar nerve 2-4 lateral plantar nerve
59
what third plantar muscles does lateral plantar nerve innervate?
adductor hallucis and flexor digiti minimi brevis
60
flexor hallucis brevis oian
o: plantar surface of cuboid, third cuneiform, tendon of tibialis posterior i: medial and lateral sesamoids and then into the plantar surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the hallux a: plantarflexes the hallux n. medial plantar nerve
61
adductor hallucis oia
o: oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4. transverse head: plantar ligaments of lesser MPJ's i. lateral sesamoid and then into the lateral surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the hallux a. adducts and plantarflexes the hallux
62
flexor digiti minimi brevis
origin: plantar surface base of the fifth metatarsal inserts: lateral surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth toe action: plantarflex the fifth toe
63
what nerve innervates the muscles of the fourth plantar layer?
lateral plantar nerve
64
dorsal interossei o,i, a
o: adjacent sides of metatarsal shafts i. 1st: medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the second toe 2nd-4th: lateral sides of the bases of the proximal phalanges of the second to fourth toes action: abduct 2nd to fourth toes. plantarflex proximal phalanges
65
plantar interossei, oia
o: bases and medial sides of metatarsal shafts i: medial sides of the bases of the proximal phalanges of the lesser digits and then into extensor hood action: adduct 3rd to 5th toes. plantarflex proximal phalanges
66
tendons of extrinsic muscles on plantar, medial, lateral and posterior aspects of the foot:
``` tibialis posterior (on tibial side) flexor digitorum longus (medial) flexor hallucis longus tendo calcaneus (achilles) fibularis (peroneus) longus ( on fibular side) fibularis (peroneus) brevis ```
67
what do superficial veins of the digits flow into?
the dorsal venous arch
68
what does dorsal venous arch flow into?
medially into the medial marginal vein which courses anterior to the medial malleolus to become the great saphenous vein laterally into lateral marginal vein which courses posterior to lateral malleolus to become small saphenous vein
69
what artery vascularizes the dorsum of the foot?
the dorsalis pedis artery
70
what is the trajectory of the dorsalis pedis artery?
begins at the articular capsule of the ankle joint as a continuation of the anterior tibial artery; courses over the dorsum of the foot to the proximal aspect of the first interspace. terminates by dividing into the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery
71
major branches of dorsalis pedis artery
``` lateral tarsal artery medial tarsal artery arcuate artery first dorsal metatarsal artery deep plantar artery ```
72
where is dorsalis pedis pulse palpated?
lateral to the tendon of EHL and is important in determining the vascular supply to the dorsum of the foot
73
arcuate artery gives off:
second, third, and fourth dorsal metatarsal arteries
74
dorsal metatarsal arteries (first, second , third and fourth) give off?
dorsal proper digital arteries to the digits (two to each digit) (dorsal common are superior to dorsal proper, it seems)
75
what vascularizes the plantar surface of the foot?
medial and lateral plantar arteries, which are branches of the posterior tibial artery
76
how is posterior tibial artery palpated?
posterior to the medial malleolus bet. the tendons of FDL and FHL and is important in determining the vascular supply to the plantar surface of the foot
77
trajectory of medial plantar artery
branches from posterior tibial artery, courses distally between the abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis muscles to the base of the first metatarsal and terminates along the medioplantar aspect of the
78
what is trajectory of lateral plantar artery?
branches from posterior tibial artery courses obliquely twd base of the fifth metatarsal gives off a plantar proper digital artery to the fifth toe turns medially as deep plantar arch or plantar arch portion of the lateral plantar artery
79
major branches of the plantar arch are
four plantar metatarsal arteries that give off remaining plantar proper digital arteries to the digits
80
how many dorsal proper digital arteries does each digit receive? plantar proper digital arteries?
two of each
81
dermatomes involved in cutaneous innervation of right foot
L4, L5, S1 and S2 dorsum of foot, l4, medial side, half of toe, l5, lateral half of toe to fourth digit. s1. digiti minimi plantar :s2 handles back of foot, heel
82
cutaneous nerves that innervate foot (look at notes for graphics)
``` saphenous superficial fibular deep fibular lateral dorsal (sural) medial plantar lateral plantar medial calcaneal ```
83
muscular innervation of foot
deep fibular n medial plantar n lateral plantar n
84
what happens when one taps tendon to a muscle?
results in an afferent impulse to the spinal cord that synapses either directly or indirectly on alpha motor neurons. motor neurons generate an efferent impulse to the muscle causing contraction.
85
patellar or quadriceps reflex
tap ligamentum patellae which results in leg extention (L3 and L4 via femoral nerve)
86
achilles, tendo calcaneus or triceps surae reflex
tap tendon achilles which results in plantarflexion of the foot (S1 via tibial nerve)
87
how do superficial reflexes work?
stimulation of receptors in the skin generates an afferent impulse to a level of the spinal cord that results in stimulation of alpha motor neurons causing contraction of muscles innervated by that same level
88
plantar reflex
stroking the sole of the foot from the heel, along the lateral side and then across the metatarsal heads results in plantarflexion of the toes
89
what is a babinski sign?
a pathological sign (usually an upper motor neuron lesion) that consists of dorsiflexion of the hallux and fanning of the lesser toes
90
what do lymphatic vessels of lower extremity consist of?
superficial and deep vessels
91
how are lymphatic vessels distributed?
similarly to superficial and deep veins
92
how do lymphatic vessels communicate?
both sets of vessels have valves and communicate with each other
93
what do lymphatic vessels drain into?
the popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes

Exam 3 Clinical anatomy (1 decks)

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