FOPC

Question 1

what are the main causes of death in the UK

Answer 1

cancer and IHD

Question 2

what is palliative care

Answer 2

a philosophy of care than emphasises quality of life

Question 3

what are the key features of palliative care

Answer 3

provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms
affirms life and regards dying as a normal process
intends to neither hasten nor postpone death
integrates physchological and spiritual aspects of patient care
offers a support system
helps the family cope during their own bereavement

Question 4

what is the palliative performance scale §

Answer 4

useful way of assessing and reviewing functional changes in palliative care

Question 5

what does a lower palliative performance score indicate

Answer 5

indicates power prognoses

Question 6

what are worries surrounding palliative care that the patients often have

Answer 6

pain 
anxiety 
insomnia 
nausea 
all classed as distressing symptoms

Question 7

what is the Scottish life expectancy

Answer 7

79

Question 8

what is the physiology of ageing

Answer 8

loss of cells and function
less ability to respond to metabolic stress
less reserve capacity
less ability to recover

Question 9

what is multimorbidity

Answer 9

the presence of 2 or more long term conditions

Question 10

what is polypharmaxy

Answer 10

begin on multiple medications

Question 11

what is resillience

Answer 11

the ability to recover quickly from difficulties, toughness

Question 12

what factors aid resillience

Answer 12

interlectual interest
self awareness 
tiem management and work life balance 
continuing progressional development 
support from tea
professional attitudes 
societal attitudes 
structural changes

Question 13

what is a long term condition

Answer 13

conditions for which there are no cure and which are managed with drugs and other treatments
they have lasted one year or more with ongoing medical attention

Question 14

what is incidence

Answer 14

the number of new cases in a time period

Question 15

what is prevalance

Answer 15

the total number of people in a population with a condition at a point

Question 16

what is disability

Answer 16

an umbrella term for impairments

activity limitations and participation restrictions

Question 17

what is the medical model of disability

Answer 17

that it is a feature of the person, directly caused by the disease - requires medical care

Question 18

what is the social model of disability

Answer 18

it is a socially created problem no an attribute

disability requires a political response since the problem is created by an unaccommodating physical environmentt

Question 19

what are the Wilson and juggler screening criteria

Answer 19

condition should be an important health issue
natural history of the condition should be understood
should be a recognised early symptomatic or latent stage
should be a suitable test
test should be acceptable to the population
should be an agreed policy on who to treat
cost of case- findings should be economically balanced
should be recognised as a need
defined target population
scientific evidence of effectiveness
overall benefits should outweigh the harm

Question 20

what are the 6 national screening programs in scotland

Answer 20

cervical cancer 
bowerl cancer 
breast cancer 
AAA screening 
pregnancy and new born screening 
diabetic retinopathy screening

Question 21

what is evidence based medicine

Answer 21

the use of mathematical estimates of the risk and harm to inform clinical decision making in the diagnosis investigation or management of patients

Question 22

what is epidemiology

Answer 22

the science of applying the principles of population based evidence to the management of individual patients

Question 23

what is a cohort study

Answer 23

used for looking at causality
occurs over a long time and follows research patients over many years
can be prospective or retrospective

Question 24

what is a case control study

Answer 24

used for looking at causality
use two groups of people
one group of those with the disease and one nearly identical group but they don’t have the disease

Question 25

advantages of a cohort study

Answer 25

incidence of disease can be calculated in exposed and non exposed individuals possible to study multiple outcomes less of an issue with bias compared to case control study

Question 26

what is relative risk

Answer 26

the outcome measure reported in cohort studies | measure of the risk of the outcome of interest in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group

Question 27

how do we calculate relative risk

Answer 27

risk in exposed group divided by risk in unexposed group

Question 28

what does it mean if the relative risk is one

Answer 28

there is no difference in the effect between the two groups

Question 29

are case control studies retrospective or prospectiveq

Answer 29

almost always retrospective

Question 30

what are the advantages of a case control study

Answer 30

smaller sample size quicker results cheaper

Question 31

disadvantages of a case control study

Answer 31

prone to bias can be difficult to prove causation not possible to calculate incidence selecting controls can be difficult

Question 32

what is the measure of outcome used in case control studies

Answer 32

odds ratio - | ratio of the odds of exposure in those with the outcome compared to those without the outcome

Question 33

how do we calculate odds exposuer

Answer 33

odds exposure in those with the outcome divided by that in those without the outcome

Question 34

what is a cross sectional/ longitudinal study

Answer 34

looks at the outcome and exposure in a population or individual at a specific point in time (cross sectional study) when this is done many times it is a longitudinal study

Question 35

what are lognitdunal studies good for

Answer 35

looking at trends in a population

Question 36

can we infer causality from longitudinal studies

Answer 36

no

Question 37

what helps us understand the risk of a disease

Answer 37

incidence

Question 38

what helps us understand the burden of a disease

Answer 38

prevalence

Question 39

what is the gold standard trial for assessing new treatmetns

Answer 39

randomised controlled trial

Question 40

disadvantages for randomised control trials

Answer 40

time consuming expensive ethical considerations

Question 41

what is causality

Answer 41

not correlation | but that a is associated with B

Question 42

what is the criteria for causality

Answer 42

``` strength of association consistency specificity temporality biological gradient plausibility coherence experiment analogy ```