For all Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
- On earth there are 2 swords; one given to _______ , other to ________
A
state, church
Leviathan
2
Q
Purpose of social contract:
A
Search for rational people to rule:,
Leviathan
3
Q
Importance of social contract
A
- Alternative explanation to the origin of state
- Alternative explanation to why monarchs have absolute power
- Alternative to divine rights of kings
4
Q
Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan -> Power is ___________
A
secular and religious
5
Q
- Frontispiece: ____ is head of state and has authority over everything; body is composed of _________ ; _______ is dependent on the people; ___ decision-maker yields both secular and spiritual powers
A
King, people, power, one
Leviathan
6
Q
- 2 swords -> there is nothing on earth to compare with him (_________); if state is weak, people will follow; _________ cannot be compared with anyone else kasi siya na yung pinakamakapangyarihan
A
about Leviathan
government/sovereign
7
Q
Human nature: beyond social contract
(Thomas Hobbes)
A
- Free
- Equal
- Independent
- Motivated by their passions
- Fears dying a violent death
- Rational
- Moving towards desires and do away with aversions
8
Q
State of nature
A
- State of freedom
- State of equality
- State of independence
9
Q
State of war
A
- One man against every other man
- State without common morality
10
Q
- What are the causes of quarrel?
(State of war)
A
o Competition for gain
o For glory so that people don’t undervalue you
o Diffidence for safety
11
Q
What will you do for social contract?
A
- One is willing to renounce one’s right I others are willing to give up theirs
- Keep one’s covenance fate -> fulfill your promises
12
Q
State of war ≠ actual fighting
A
- Actual conflict + things before that (protecting yourself)
- Tendencies/attitudes toward others/ towards actual safety
13
Q
- We give up our rights to govern ourselves in order for us to have ________
- People should be included in the social contract. By doing so we authorize them to govern us to ________
A
peace, avoid war
14
Q
What is the Product of social contract
A
creation of state
15
Q
Power of state (Who will rule next? Leviathan will decide)
A
- Inalienable – you cannot take it away from those in power because you already agreed that you gave it to him unless the Leviathan agrees to give it up.
- Indivisible – all powers are in one institution
- Infallible – cannot be wrong
- Absolute
16
Q
Why the state?
A
For peace because we want to get away from state of war
17
Q
- Where the law is silent, there is __________
A
liberty
18
Q
Social contract -> state w/ _________ powers
A
absolute
19
Q
John Locke -> if absolute yung power ng leader, nasa _________ ka pa rin
A
state of war
20
Q
Human nature for John Locke
A
- Free
- Equal – political equality comes from reason (ability to interpret natural laws & make laws on your sin)
- Independent
- Natural rights to property
o Life
o Liberty
o Private property – everything we have in common + labor - Rational but partial to themselves
21
Q
State of nature for locke
A
- State of freedom
- State of equality
- State of independence
- State of inconvenience – in the enjoyment of your property; no common interpreter of the law; no law, no interpreter of the law, no execute the law
- State of war “that who attempts to get another man into his absolute power does thereby put himself into a state of war with him.”
22
Q
differentiate state of war and state of inconvenience
whose idea is this?
A
State of inconvenience – in the enjoyment of your property; no common interpreter of the law; no law, no interpreter of the law, no execute the law
- State of war “that who attempts to get another man into his absolute power does thereby put himself into a state of war with him.”
23
Q
What was Locke’s resolve of state of war?
A
People -> civil society -> social contract resolve state of war
24
Q
Social contract (3)
A
- Civil society
- Government – let government do the laws
- Consents was the only basis for a legitimate government
25
What were the 3 powers of state?
Whose idea is these?
- Limited and constitutional government: legislative power (make power), executive power (execute law), federative power
26
- Civil government is the proper remedy for the inconvenience of the state of nature… political power was legitimate only when it was used to pursue the goal for which it was created, the _____________
protection of private property
27
Freedoms of Men
- Enjoyment of the natural right to property
- Right to revolt
28
1. Human nature: for Rousseau
the noble savage; free, equal, independent - self-sufficient, not need much be savage
29
a. Locke and Hobbes: men have ___________ vs Rosseau: men have __________, strong, quick, fearliess, no one has more privileges than others
reason, instinct
30
What are the Needs of men?
according to ?
nourishment, partner, repose; fears pain & hunger
Rousseau
31
State of nature according to rousseau
state of freedom, equality, independence
32
a. State of innocence & bliss:
no law of reason, no settled life, no quarrels (no language, no agriculture, no civilization)
33
describe the Civil society and the state
according to...
i. Not created by social contract; instead is a free state
ii. Product of series of accidents
Rousseau
34
iii. Private property (for Locke is ________) + for Rousseau
human labor + common property (Locke)
people believe it’s yours (Rousseau)
35
For ___________, social contract created because some people who have property wants to protect it
Rousseau
36
v. Locke: institutions to _______________->formalism of state
enjoy private property
37
o Men are born free & everywhere he is in chains (because of ______________: not product of social contract)
o _____________ legitimizes those chains then we become free as before, obeying ourselves
Whose idea is this?
series of accidents
Social contract
Rousseau
38
Describe Free state (because of legitimization of chains)
by who?
- Everyone participates in law making (direct democracy)
- Everyone must obey the law
- When making laws, they make it ass citizens not as members of small associations (follows general will)
- Body that make the law does not implement it
Rousseau
39
Greatest happiness principle
- The greatest happiness of the greatest number of people
- Basis for decision-making of a group
40
- It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied, better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied
J.S. Mill
41
- No intelligent human being would consent to be a fool, no instructed person would be an ignomarus, no person of feeling and conscience would be selfish and base, even though they should be persuaded that the fool, the dunce or the rascal is better is satisfied with his lot than they are with theirs
J.S. Mill
42
- Who says that _________, in any form, cannot be the rational purpose of human life and action; because in the first place it is unattainable; and they ask what has you to be happy? … Not only the pursuit of * but the prevention and mitigation of unhappiness.
happiness
43
- Who says that _________, in any form, cannot be the rational purpose of human life and action; because in the first place it is unattainable; and they ask what has you to be happy? … Not only the pursuit of * but the prevention and mitigation of unhappiness.
happiness
44
"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness
J.S. Mill on utilitarianism
45
Mill argues that people's achievement of goals and ends, such as virtuous living, should be counted as part of their happiness.
J.S. Mill on utilitarianism
46
Mill wrote that he believed to be about "the importance, to man and society, of a large variety in types of character, and of giving full freedom to human nature to expand itself in innumerable and conflicting directions." This celebration of ___________ and disdain for conformity runs throughout
On Liberty.
individuality
47
In particular, Mill links __________ to the ability to progress and to avoid social stagnation.
liberty
48
Mill labor
Mill examines the social forms of production, such as cooperation, combination of labor, production on a small and large scale, and the increase of labor, which results in the increase of capital as well as production
principles of political economy
49
Mill discusses the effect on distribution of such factors as competition; customs; slavery; ownership by peasants; and the various types of laborers, wages, profits, and rents.
principles of political economy
50
Mill on liberty
- Domain of self-regarding – domain of other regarding -> we are _________; have absolute freedom in beliefs, thoughts, speech, taste and pursuits
sovereign
51
- Whatever is expedient for government to do -> use _________.
reason
52
Leviathan key words
Nature of Man: desire, aversion; utmost aim, greatest good
State of nature: men are equal
Three principal causes of quarrel: competition, diffidence, glory
War, peace
Social contract: the right of nature, by liberty, a law of nature (right, law), contract
Laws of nature: covenants, justice, injustice
Political power: power of commonwealth, sovereign, monarchy
53
The second treatise of civil government by Locke key words
; preservation of life: the liberty, health, limb or goods of another; civil government is the property remedy of the state of nature;
Property: labor + something he owns
Civil society: when there is no law, there is no freedom; end of civil society is to avoid and remedy the inconveniences of the state of nature
The social contract: mean are free..., can't be subjected to political power of another without his own consent
The end of society and government: preservation of property
The separation of powers: legislative, executive, federative
The power that every individual gave the society when he entered into it can never revert to the individuals again as long as the society lasts
54
Rousseau's "The social contract" keywords
Man is born free
The right of the strongest
remain as free as before... is solved by the social contract
"Each of us,... we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole"
"Republic or body politic, (state when passive, sovereign when active, and power when compared to itself")
The civil state: what man loses by the social contract is his natural liberty, what he gains is civil liberty
The inalienability and indivisibility of sovereignty
general will, will of all
social compact
Laws are conditions of civil association
Legislator
