for CBD qs

Question 1

describe XR

Answer 1

details - date and time, area of body, adequacy ( 2 projections , joint above and below any rotation or penetration
alignment and joint space
bone texture -density
corticies
soft tissue

what type of fracture
where is it - diphysis, meta or epi
is it displaced
is something else going on like another fracture

Question 2

what is closed fracture

Answer 2

• bone is broken but skin intact

Question 3

open frcture

Answer 3

skin may be pierced, bone may be visible.

Question 4

horizontal fracture

Answer 4

horizontal line fracture pressure from both up and down

Question 5

spiral fracture

Answer 5

twisting motion of breaking - fracture line wraps around bone like a corkscrew

Question 6

comminuted fracture

Answer 6

bone shatters in 3 or more places

Question 7

impacted fracture

Answer 7

children due to bone compression - weight crumble or compression like jumping to pressure from below

Question 8

greenstick fracture

Answer 8

partial thickness fracture where only cortex and periosteum are interrupted on one of the bone but remain interrupted on the other

Question 9

incomplete fracture bowing

Answer 9

the long bone has been bent

Question 10

buckle fracture

Answer 10

the fracture of the concave surface – (buckle fractures are also called torus and are defined as a compression of the bony cortex on one side with the opposite cortex remaining intact but greenstick fracture is when the opposite cortex is not intact.

Question 11

why is it imrotnat to determine opne or closed

Answer 11

risk of infection with open fractures

Question 12

growth plate salter harris 1

Answer 12

striaght through

Question 13

SH 2

Answer 13

above GP - up through metaphysis

Question 14

SH3 lower

Answer 14

fracture throuhg growth plate and down through epi

Question 15

SH 4

Answer 15

trasverse - through metasphyis and grouth plate epi

Question 16

SH5

Answer 16

rammed - direct compression of the growth plate

Question 17

tx of fractures

Answer 17

Stop any bleeding. Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece of clothing.
Immobilise the injured area. .
Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain. 

cast immobilisationn
functional cast
traction to align
external fixation
open reduction
arhtroplasty

Question 18

OA on XR

Answer 18

LOSS
loss of joint space
osteophytes
subaraticualr sclerosis - increased density of the bone along the joint line
subchondral cysts - fluid filled holes

Question 19

RA on XR

Answer 19

SPADES
soft tissue swelling
peri-arituclar osteoporosis
absent osteophytes
deformity
erosions - late
sublaxation - late feature

Question 20

tx of OA

Answer 20

Start with patient education about the condition and advice on lifestyle changes such as:
Weight loss if overweight to reduce the load on the joint
Physiotherapy to improve strength and function
Occupational therapy to support activities and function (e.g., special devices and adaptations to the home)
Orthotics to support activities and function (e.g., knee braces)

The use of analgesia involves a stepwise approach to control symptoms:
Oral paracetamol and topical NSAIDs
Add oral NSAIDs (consider co-prescribing a proton pump inhibitor, such as omeprazole, to protect the stomach)
Consider opiates such as codeine

Other:
Topical capsaicin (chilli pepper)  cream may be helpful, where available.
Intra-articular steroid injections provide a temporary reduction in inflammation and improve symptoms.
Joint replacement can be used in severe cases. The hip and knee are the most commonly replaced joints.

Question 21

ACL done in sports injury that has twistin motion - sx

Answer 21

loud crack,
pain, rapid swelling

Question 22

what test for ACL

Answer 22

anterior draw test /lachmans

Question 23

PCL - hgh energy trauma such as direct blow to prox tibia - hyperexteniosn - posterior draw test and knee pain
what is the gold for all ligmaent injuries in the knee

Answer 23

MRI

plan xray to exlcude if you like

Question 24

MCL - leg forced into vlagus force outside of leg - laxity on valgus stress test

what is the tx for all ligmanet tears

Answer 24

RICE
intense physio
NSAID and exercise MCL within 6 weeks if grade 1
surgery

Question 25

meniscal tear

sx

Answer 25

delayed swelling
rotational sports injury
tearing sensation in knee with sudden onset pain
locked in flexion
swell
joint tenderness
joint effusion limited flexion
popping sensation

Question 26

meniscal tear tests

Answer 26

thessaly test - weight bearin gat 20 degrees of knee flexion - positve twist

mcmurray test

rest and elevation

Question 27

muscles in abd of shoulder

Answer 27

Supraspinatus

Deltoid

Question 28

muscles add shoulder

Answer 28

Pectoralis major

Teres major

Latissimus dorsi

Subscapularis

Question 28

muscles add shoulder

Answer 28

Pectoralis major

Teres major

Latissimus dorsi

Subscapularis

Question 29

int rot of shoulder

Answer 29

Subscapularis

Teres major

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

Question 30

ext rot of shoulder muscles

Answer 30

Deltoid

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Question 31

flexion shoulder muscles

Answer 31

Pectoralis major

Deltoid

Question 32

muscles ext of shoulder

Answer 32

Deltoid

Latissimus dorsi

Question 33

when do you apply a pelvic binder

Answer 33

If the patient is haemodynamically compromised with a significant mechanism suggestive of a pelvic injury, a pelvic binder should be applied. Applying a pelvic binder early provides stability and allows clot formation. This may prevent ongoing haemorrhage and the often-lethal trauma induced coagulopathy.

Question 34

when to use a thomas splint

Answer 34

Temporary stabilization of femoral shaft fractures can be achieved using the Thomas’s splint apparatus. It can also be used for transportation of patient

pelvic fracture bleeds alot

Question 35

vertical nstagums

Answer 35

central patholgoy

Question 36

post head trauma

Answer 36

can get herpes zoster opthalmicus