- anchors kidney to abdominal wall - deep layer of tissue around kidney

- protects kidney from trauma - smooth sheet of dense irregular connective tissue

FOR FINAL Module 4 Ch. 26-27 Flashcards by marla Johanesen

Organ- Kidneys
Location-
Function-

Location-

above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen.
retroperitoneal.

Function-

Regulate blood volume and composition,
help regulate blood pressure
synthesize glucose
release erythropoietin
participate in vitamin D synthesis
excrete wastes by forming urine.

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Organ- Ureters
Location-
Function-

Location-

Retroperitoneal.
Between the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder.

Function-
-Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

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Organ- Urinary bladder
Location-
Function-

Location-
-in the pelvic cavity
-posterior to the pubic symphysis.
(In males it is directly anterior to the rectum; in females, it is anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus.)

Function- Stores urine

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Organ- Urethra
Location-
Function-

Location-

Females: posterior end of the pubic symphysis - front wall of vagina.
Males below the bladder- pelvic floor cavity.

Function- Discharges urine from the body.

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Renal fascia

anchors kidney to abdominal wall

- deep layer of tissue around kidney

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Renal Papilla

-apices of the renal pyramids

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Minor & Major Calyces

-big and small cup-like structures

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Renal Pelvis

-cavity that drains into the ureter

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Renal Medulla

-deep region in the kidney

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Renal hilum

-fissure where the ureter, blood vessels, nerve and lymphatic vessels emerge

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Nephron

-functional unit of kidney

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Renal Columns

-portions of renal cortex that extend between renal pyramids

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Renal capsule

protects kidney from trauma

- smooth sheet of dense irregular connective tissue

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Adipose capsule

-protects kidney from trauma

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Renal cortex

-superficial smooth-textured region in the kidney

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Renal pyramids

-structures found in the medulla

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Two structures that comprise the RENAL CORPUSCLE

1 - Glomerulus

2 - Glomeruler (Bowmans) capsule

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What is the difference between “tubular fluid / filtrate” and “urine”?

Tubular- fluid passes through

Filtrate- fluid in nephron / not urine yet

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Name the 3 steps of urine formation:

a. Glomerular filtration
b. Tubular Reabsorption
c. Tubular Secretion

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Glomerular filtration
1 - where does it occur?
2 - What parts of blood DO NOT pass through membrane?
3 - What is the main driving force

1 - Glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule
2 - Large proteins (platelets, plasma proteins, Blood cells)
3 - Blood hydrostatic pressure

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What is tubular reabsorption?

-Put solutes back into the blood

usually things that the body needs

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Waste product that is partially reabsorbed

Water

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Nutrient that is completely reabsorbed

Glucose

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2 substances whose ECF concentrations are regulated by hormones to allow variable rates of reabsorption

Na+ and water

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Waste product that is not reabsorbed at all

Creatinine

Define tubular secretion

- Add to urine | examples: H+ and medications

What substances are eliminated by tubular secretion?

H+, medications, K+, ammonia, creatinine

Abnormal components of urine

- glucose - bilirubin - RBCs - WBCs - ketone bodies - bacteria

Normal components of urine

- water - sodium, other ions - albumin - urea - creatinine - uric acid

Proximal convoluted tubule - tubular reabsorption - tubular secretion

tubular reabsorption - largest volume reabsorbed here. - (water, ions, glucose, amino acids, urea) tubular secretion of H+

Distal convoluted tubule - tubular reabsorption - tubular secretion

tubular reabsorption -Ca+ variable rate depending on PTH tubular secretion: -H+ variable (regulation of acid-base balance)

Collecting duct - tubular reabsorption - tubular secretion

tubular reabsorption: - Na+ variable depending on aldosterone - water variable depending on ADH tubular secretion: -K+ variable depending on aldosterone

3 sources of water gain

- ingested liquids - ingested foods - metabolic water

4 sources of water loss

1 - gastrointestinal tract 2 - skin 3 - lungs 4 - kidneys

Main factory that determines body fluid volume?

Urinary salt loss

Main factor that determines body fluid osmolarity

Urinary water loss

Hypotonic - ECF is ____ - water will move _____ of cells - causing them to _______.

- Dilute - into cells - Osmolysis

Hypertonic - ECF is ____ - water will move _____ of cells - causing them to _______.

- Concentrated - out of cells - plasmolysis

Low ECF volume & low blood pressure stimulate the ___________ to produce ________.

-KIDNEYS to produce RENIN

Renin is the catalyst for _________ & _________

Angiotensinogen & Angiotensin I

Pumonary blood vessels add____________ to Angiotensin I converting it to ___________ (the active form)

Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II stimulates ____________ to produce ______________.

Adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone.

Aldosterone cause ____________by kidneys which leads to ___________ by kidneys

- increase tubular reabsorption of Na+ | - water to follow Na+ (salt)

R-A-A system is stimulated by what?

- low blood pressure | - low ECF volume

1 What hormone causes increased calcium reabsorption? | 2 What is the stimulus?

1 - PTH - parathyroid | 2 - hypocalcemia

pH of blood is?

7.35 - 7.45

What are the three major mechanisms for removing H+ from the ECF?

a. Buffer system b. exhaling CO reduces levels of carbonic acid in blood and increases pH of blood c. Kidney excretion of H+

What is a buffer?

A buffer is a solution that can effectively resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic component. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable.

HCO3-

- Bicarbonate - Product of CO2 in the plasma - Second most abundant anion in ECF

HPO42-

- Phosphate - Required for ATP production - is a Buffer - stored in bone & teeth

ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone) 1- produced by what 2- function 3- stimulus

1 - Hypothalamus & posterior pituitary 2 - increase reabsorption of water in kidneys 3 - stimulated by dehydration, low blood pressure, increased blood osmolarity (salty)

Aldosterone 1- produced by what 2- function 3- stimulus

1- Adrenal cortex 2 - increase reabsorption of Na+ in kidneys - increase K+ excretion 3 - stimulated by dehydration, low blood pressure, low blood sodium

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) 1- produced by what 2- function 3- stimulus

1 - Atria of Heart 2 - Increase excretion of Na+ (put more Na+ into urine, water will follow) 3 - stimulated by high blood pressure, too much Na+ (too salty)

1 - Main hormone influencing ECF volume _______. | 2 - it acts on ______ reabsorption in the _________ & __________.

1 - Aldosterone | 2 - Na+, distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct

Kidneys regulate ECF concentration by producing _______________ urine when the ECF is too concentrated.

concentrated

ADH - antidiuretic hormone 1. stimulus for release 2. major action 3. site of release

1. increase in osmolarity (salty) of body fluids 2. posterior pituitary 3. increase water reabsorption

In presence of ADH water is reabsorbed by the ___________ & __________.

renal tubules and collecting duct

Protein buffer system 1. weak base 2. weak acid 3. where is it found

1. the free amino group (releases H+) 2. the free carboxyl group (combines with H+) 3. intracellular fluid, blood plasma

Respiratory system regulation: | increased blood acidity = ____pH = ____breathing.

decreased pH (due to increased H+), harder breathing to expel more CO2.

Metabolic Acidosis can be caused by:

- excessive loss of bicarbonate (diarrhea...) | - ketosis in uncontrolled diabetes

Metabolic Alkalosis can be caused by:

- prolonged vomiting, stomach contents are high in HCl. | - excessive intake of antacids

Respiratory Acidosis can be caused by:

-decreased respiratory rate

Respiratory Alkalosis can be caused by:

-decreased blood level of CO2 due to hyperventilation