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1
Q

object in space that orbits or circles around a larger object

A

satellite

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2
Q

is an object that has been intentionally placed into orbit that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals

A

artificial satellite

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3
Q

Applications Satellite

A

Voice/Telephone
Television/Radio Broadcast
Network/Internet
Navigation and GPS
scientific research
Meteorology

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4
Q

The path of a celestial body or an artificial satellite that revolves around another body

A

Orbit

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5
Q

Orbit common classification:

A

Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Middle Earth Orbit (MEO)
Geostationary Orbit (GEO)
Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO)
High Earth Orbit (HEO)

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6
Q

technique used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of received signals,eliminate undesirable interference sources and focus transmitted signals to specific locations

A

Beanforming

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7
Q

Advantages of Satellite

A

*Cost is independent of the distance between earth stations
*Cost advantage over building land lines for remote locations
*Cost effective for short term requirements Mobility
*Adaptable and versatile for multiple applications (Voice, Video, Data)

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8
Q

Disadvantages

A

*High cost of equipment
*Limited frequency spectrum
SC
* Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) (power lines, terrestrial communications)
*Susceptible to some environmental conditions (rain, snow, solar outages)

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9
Q

One-way Communication

A

Broadcast, Multicast

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10
Q

Examples of One way communication

A

Examples: Broadcasting satellite services like Radio, TV, GPS, Weather Monitoring

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11
Q

Two-way Communication

A

Point-to-point

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12
Q

Example two way communication

A

Examples: tracking telemetry and control (TT&C) system, Internet services.

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13
Q

Converts information into an analogue Receives Signal and transmits it to the satellite , Amplifies Down converts
Retransmit

A

Uplink Earth Station

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14
Q

Receives the signal and recovers the Loss Loss Original information

A

down-link earth stations

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15
Q

Parabolic Antenna

A

Parabolic Antenna
* Uses the parabolic geometry to create a highly directional beam
*The point of source is placed at the focus of the parabola to direct radio waves In a narrow beam or receive signals from a particular direction
* The reflector is made of a material that reflects radio waves

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16
Q

Satellite Components

A

*Consists of multiple subsystems that allow It to operate and to provide services throughout Its expected lifetime
*Transponders are segments of the nsatellite bandwidth
* Transponders receive, amplify, filter convert and rebroadcast a signal

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17
Q

a device that is intended to convert an analog signal between a lower frequency and a higher frequency

A

Up and Down Converter and mixer

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18
Q

electromagnetic radiation that consist of synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. measured bt its frequency or wavelength

A

electromagnetic wave

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19
Q

property in which the directiin and magnitude of the electromagnetic wave is propagated in a specific way

A

Polarization

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20
Q

types of polarization

A

Linear, Circular and Elliptical

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21
Q

types of linear polarization

A

horizontal and Vertical polarization

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22
Q

Circular and Elliptical

A

Left and Right Polarization

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23
Q

Frequency Bands

A

C band (4-8 GHz)
X band (8-12 GHz)
Ku Band (12-18 GHz)
Ka Band (26-40 GHz)

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24
Q

Ka Band

A

27-40 GHz, 1.1-0.2 cm Rarely used for SAR (Airport Surveillance)

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25
K band
18-27 GHz, 1.7-1.1 cm, H20 absorption
26
Ku band
12-18GHz, 2.4-1.7 cm satellitr altimetry
27
types of earth stations
fixed, portable and Satellite on the Move (SOTM)
28
types of SOTM
Ground Vehicles, Maritime and Airborne
29
converts information into a signal that can be transmitted
Modulators, Demodulators and Modems
30
Block up converter and Low noise block
Amplifiers
31
Interference, Polarization
Filters
32
Material,Design,Size
Reflector
33
components or subsystems of an earth station installed in an outdoor location
outdoor unit (ODU)
34
components or subsystems of an earth station installed in an indoor locati9n or weatherproof shelter
Indoor Unit (IDU)
35
cable system to connect an ODU and IDU
Interfacility Link (IFL)
36
ODU
Antenna and Antenna Base Feed Horn Filters LNB BUC
37
tells you the direction to face
azimuth
38
tells you how high up in the sky to look
elevation
39
IDU
Modulators Demodulators Satellite Receivers Modems Tracking Devices
40
IFL
Radiofrequency Signals Monitor and Control (M&C) Power
41
summary of all power gains and losses
Link Budget
42
Considerations for Product Selection
Terminals *band and frequency range *nature of application *auto or manuel acquisition *size and portability BUCs *band and frequency range *output power *nature of application *special requirements LNBs *band and frequency range *gain *frequency stability and reference *phase noise
43
Calculate loss of signal strength along a path in space
free space path loss
44
application of FSPL
*estimating the best case for path loss at a given distance and frequency
45
Radiation patterns caused by diffraction of the transmitted signals
Fresnel Zones
46
two types of satellite
natural satellites, artificial satellites
47
for example- earth revolves around the sun, so it is a satellite. Moon revolves around earth,so it is also a satellite
Natural Satellites
48
designed and launched into space for a variety of purposes such as weather monitoring etc.
artificial satellites
49
acronym: INSAT
Indian National Satellite System
50
Acronym: IRS
Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
51
acronym: GSAT
Global Satellite
52
Basic Element of satellite communication
earth station,satellite,terrestrial system, user
53
a satellite radio repeater which a satellite may have many.
transponder
54
consist of one or more satellite space vehicles, a ground based station to control the operation of the system
Satellite System
55
includes control mechanism that support the payload operation
bus
56
the actual user information conveyed through the system
payload
57
a type of satellite wherein it simply "bounces" signals from one place to another
passive reflector
58
natural satellite of earth, visible by reflection of sunlight having a slightly elliptical orbit
moon
59
used by passive satellites for tracking and ranging purposes
radio beacon transmitters
60
launched by russia first active earth satellite in 1957.
Sputnik I
61
type of satellite capable of receiving,amplifying, reshaping,regenerating and retransmitting information
active satellite
62
satellite launched by U.S., transmitted telemetry information for nearly five months
Explorer I
63
satellite launched by NASA in 1958, a 150 pound conical shaped satellite. the first artificial satellite used for relaying terrestrial communications
score
64
first active satellite to simultaneously receive and transmit radio signals
Telstar I
65
lauched in 1963, and was used for telephone television, facsimile and data transmission and accomplished the first successful transatlantic video transmission
Telstar II
66
launched in february 1963, first attempt to place a geosynchronous satellite into orbit
Syncom I
67
First commercial telecommunications satellite. launched from cape kennedy in 1965 and used two transponders.
Intelsat I
68
Domestic satellite launched by former soviet union in 1966. it means lighting
Molniya
69
Domestic Satellites is also known as
Domsat
70
German Astronomer who discovered the laws that governs satellite motion
Johannes Kepler
71
point in an orbit closest to earth
Perigee
72
point in an orbit farthest from the earth
apogee
73
line joining the perigee and apogee through the center of earth, sometimes called line of apsides
major axis
74
line perpendicular to the major axis and halfway between the perigee and apogee
minor axis
75
path that a satellite can follow as it rotates around the earth
inclined,equatorial or polar
76
all satellite rotate around earth in an orbit that forms a plane that passes through the center of gravity of earth
geocenter
77
virtually all orbits except those that travel directly above the equator or directly over the north and south poles
inclined orbits
78
states that the square of the periodic time of orbit is proportional to the cube of the mean distance between the primary and the satellite.
harmonic law
79
high altitude earth orbit satellites operating primarily in the 2 GHz frequency spectrum with orbits satellite 22,300 miles above earth surface
geosynchronous satellite
80
angle between the earths equatorial plane and the orbital plane of a satellite measured counter clockwise at the point in the orbit.
angle of inclination
81
point where the polar or inclines orbit crosses the equatorial plane travelling from north to south
descending node
82
line joining the ascending and descending nodes
line of nodes
83
it is when the satellite rotates in an orbit direct above the equator, usually in a circular path
equatorial orbit
84
satellite rotates in path that takes over the north and south poles in an orbit that is close to earth and passes over and very close to both the north and south poles
polar orbit
85
important effect of the Earth's equatorial bulge is causing elliptical orbits to rotate in a manner that causes the apogee and perigee to move around the earth
rotation of the line of apside
86
a geosynchronous earth is sometimes referred to it after arthur clarke
clarke orbit or clarke belt
87
to optimize the performance of a satellite communications system, the direction of maximum gain of an earth station antenna must be pointed directly at the satellite
antenna look angles or boresight
88
to ensure that the earth station antenna is aligned, two angles must be determined
azimuth and elevation angle
89
the location identified by a point on the surface of earth directly below the satellite
SSP or subsatellite point
90
vertical angle formed between the direction of travel of an electromagnetic wave radiated from an earth station antenna pointing directly toward a satellite and the horizontal plane
elevation angle
91
horizontal angular distance from a reference direction,either the southern or northern most point of the horizon
Azimuth
92
defined as the horizontal pointing angle of an earth station antenna
Azimuth Angle
93
determine the farthest satellite away that can be seen looking east or west of the earth's longitude
limits of visibility
94
primary classifications for communication
Spinners and three-axus stabilizer satellites
95
uses the angular momentum of its spinning body to provide roll and yaw stabiliztion
Spinner Satellites
96
the body remains fixed relative to Earth's surface while an internal subsystem provides roll and yaw stabilization
three axis stabilizer satellites
97
a frequency from earth station-to-transponder
Uplink Frequency
98
a frequency from transponder to earth station
downlink frequency
99
services by satellite
fixed point, broadcast,mobile, intersatellites
100
the geographical representation of a satellite antenna's radiation pattern
footprint or footprint map
101
smallest beams,concentrate their poeer to very small geographical areas
spot beams
102
have wider beams that can accommodate the wide area with low concentration power
zonal beams
103
typically target up to 20% of the earth surface and therefore have EiRPs that are 3dB or 50% lower than spot beams
hemispherical beams
104
radiation patterns of earth coverage antennas have a beamwidth of approximately 17•
Earth Beams
105
an elliptically shaped area formed in the region between transmitter and receiver
Fresnel Zone

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