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FORE205 Flashcards

forestry eng

1
Q

NZ logging

A

Before people arrived, >80% of land was forest.

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2
Q

Devlopments major issue

A

Timber harvesting and extraction has always
been, and still is, a major cost in managing
forests.

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2
Q

Exotic trees nz logging

A

Due to increased demand, exotic trees were then
planted.

Protests started in 1970’s to stop native logging and in
2002 logging on public land stopped

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3
Q

Developments in extarction

A

People to animal
Gravity
Tracks
Waterways
Cable ways
Wire rope
steam donkey
Railroad
Rubber tires

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4
Q

Developments in harvesting

A

Chainsaw
Bulldozer Extraction
BIg wheel

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5
Q

Prioties in forestry

A

Safety and Enviromental

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6
Q

Modern systems

A

Automated cable system
Helicopters

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7
Q

Future

A

Automated Yarder

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8
Q

NZ native forestry

A

Native…
25% of land area. Heritage
values, natural wealth,
environmental benefits

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9
Q

Nz production Forestry

A

Production…
7% Land area in plantations,
90% Pine.

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10
Q

Primary reasons for harvesting

A

Economic and silvicultural goals

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11
Q

Economic goals??

A

timber value, land values

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12
Q

Silvicultural Goal??

A

*Timber stand improvement
*Stand improvements for wildlife, residual stand value, Species manipulations, salvage
* water/snow yields

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13
Q

Harvesting

A

Activity of picking and collecting
crops, or of collecting plants, animals, or fish as food

: any time we take timber from a forest. Collecting implies we
maintain possession of the produce – so cutting a tree down and
leaving it there does not apply (i.e. thinning to waste).

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14
Q

Forms of harvesting

A

Clearfell, Coup harvesting, Group selection, Individual tree selection (mature trees) Production thinning (mature trees )

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15
Q

Non- commercial forestry values

A

▪ Water quality
▪ Reduced soil erosion
▪ Increased bio-diversity
▪ Recreational opportunities

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16
Q

NZ current issues

A

ETS, Harvesting residuals in waterways (slash), terrian

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17
Q

6 Step harvesting process

A
  1. felling 2.processing 3.Extraction 4.Processing 5. Loading 6.transportation
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18
Q

Felling

A

” to sever the tree and bring it down”

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19
Q

Felling considerations

A
  • without reducing the value of the stem
  • in a manner that aids subsequent operations
    (processing or extraction)
  • with minimal impact on the site
  • with minimal impact on
    advanced regeneration
  • with minimal obstructions
    for site preparation
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20
Q

Factors affecting felling

A

▪ Type of Cut
▪ Stand Characteristics
▪ Timber Size
▪ Timber Density
▪ Underbrush
▪ Terrain / Topography
▪ Ground Conditions
▪ Subsequent Operation
▪ Labour Availability
▪ Weather

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21
Q

Felling options motor manual

A

Chainsaw

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22
Q

Chainsaw safety

A
  • Hardhat (helmet)
  • Visor (sunglasses)
  • Earmuffs (hearing protection)
  • High-viz shirt
  • Cut-resistant trousers (chaps)
  • Steel capped (kevlar lined) boots
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23
Q

Chain saw advantage

A

low investment cost
less impacted by site
less impact on site
easy replacement

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24
Chainsaw disadvantage
very dangerous low volume output labor intensive possible damage to log (less control)
25
Felling cuts
Conventional, humboldt, open face
26
Felling options: mechanised Advantages
▪ more productive ▪ safer ▪ easier on operator ▪ control of tree ▪ higher visibility
27
Felling options: mechanised disadvantages
higher capital costs ▪ reduced flexibility ▪ possibly more site impact ▪ affected by site condition (steep, wet) ▪ limited by tree size ▪ more maintenance
28
Felling options: mechanised characteristics
▪ Carrier type ▪ Swing-to or Drive-to ▪ Shears, Hotsaw or Chainsaw ▪ Felling-head, Feller-Buncher or Felling Processing Head
29
Carrier types
▪ Tracked machine ▪ Wheeled machine (3 or 4) ▪ Purpose built (harvester) ▪ Excavator base
30
Shears vs Saws Shears advantage and dis
Advantages: low stumps, low maintenance Disadvantages: butt damage, stump pull, offsets, shatter, barberchair, splits difficult in hardwoods
31
Shears vs saws Saws advantage and dis
Hot-SAWS Advantages: Fast, minimal butt damage Disadvantages: higher stumps, large curf heavier, maintenance
32
Felling head types
▪ Felling Head ▪ Simplest, just fells ▪ Feller-Buncher ▪ Can fell & hold multiple trees ▪ Feller-Processor ▪ Can multi-task: fell, limb and buck
33
De-limbing and function
removing the limbs from the stem TOPPING – cut top at the specified diameter Both functions: are driven by market destination & should not degrade the value of the tree
34
Limbing mechanical
▪ gate delimbers ▪ delimbing rakes ▪ pull-through delimbers ▪ stroke delimbers ▪ grapple processors ▪ chain flail delimbers
35
35
Bucking/ crosscutting
– cutting the tree into logs or bolts.
36
Bucking/ Crosscutting decision determined by....
Timber size market demands Transportation restrictions MAXIMISE STEM VALUE
37
Deciding system use
Physically feasible Socially acceptable Economically viable
38
Extraction (yarding) Ground-based
“Extract timber by moving power machine (or animal) into, and out of, the stand”
39
Extraction (yarding) Cable
▪ “Extract timber with power machine in stationary position pulling logs from a distance by means of a wire rope cable wound on a drum”
40
Extraction (yarding) Aerial
“Extract timber using aerostatic or aerodynamic lift"
41
Ground based system e.g
- Animal - Crawler Tractor - Rubber-tired tractors (straight frame) - Rubber-tired articulated skidders - Excavators - Forwarders
42
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SKIDDING / FORWARDING OPERATION
- type of harvest - felling method - distance - tree size - volume per hectare - terrain
43
Skidding.....
moving the tree from the stump to the landing with all or some part of the tree in contact with the ground”
44
Skidders advantage
- Most common - High production - Safe
45
Skidders disadvantage
- High capital and running cost - Potential for higher env. impacts
46
Tractor/ bulldozer advantages
- Robust - Steeper slopes (40%) - Greater tractive efficiency - Can make skid trails
47
Tractor/ bulldozer disadvantages
- Slower - Potential for higher env. impacts
48
Shoveling
“lifting the tree from the stump or bunch, rotating towards the road or landing and placing the tree in a new bunch” (Either by partial or full suspension)
49
Shoveling advantaged
- Simple - Steeper slopes (40%) - Low cost - Low ground disturbance
50
Shoveling Disadvantages
- Slower - Best for clear cuts - Limited to ≤150m (5 swings)
51
Forwarding
“moving the tree from the stump to the landing without the tree touching the ground”
52
Forwarder advantages
* Lower env. impact * Pre-sort in forest
53
Forwarder disadvantegs
* More expensive * Lower productivity
54
Agricultural tractor advantage
- low capital cost - easy to operate and plan - suited for thinning
55
Agricultural tractor disadvantage
- safety (not legal in NZ) - low production (20t – 50t/day) - Higher extraction cost (approx $25 -$60/ton)
56
Animal systems advantages and disadvatages
Advantages - Perceived to be low impact - Low capital cost - Self-regenerating… Disadvantage - Working with an animal! - High maintenance
57
How to improve enviromental performance
▪ wide(r) tires ▪ tracks ▪ hydro-seeding ▪ mats ▪ bridges
58
Skidder cycle
One ‘turn’ for retrieving a load… 4 phases: Drive out – Accumulate – Return – Unload at Landing
59
SMH
Scheduled Machine Hours (SMH) - all time machine is scheduled to work
60
PMH
Productive Machine Hours (PMH) - time that the machine actually performs work (primary task) PMH = SMH – delays PMH / SMH = % Utilisation
61

BIO218 (5 decks)

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