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Human Anatomy > Forearm > Flashcards

Forearm Flashcards

0
Q

what are the extensor muscles of the forearm innervated by?

A

they are all innervated by branches of the radial nerve

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1
Q

where are the extensor muscles of the forearm located?

A

located in the posterior compartment of the forearm (extensor, supinator)

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2
Q

what are the three groups of extensor muscles of the forearm?

A
  1. muscles that extend, adduct, or abduct the hand at the wrist joint
  2. muscles that extend the medial four digits
  3. muscles that extend or abduct the thumb
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3
Q

what muscles make up the group of muscles that extend, adduct, or abduct the hand at the wrist joint?

A

extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris

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4
Q

what muscles make up the group of muscles that extend the medial four digits?

A

extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, and extensor digiti minimi

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5
Q

what muscles make up the group of muscles that extend or abduct the thumb?

A

abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, and extensor pollicis longus

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6
Q

what does the extensor retinaculum do?

A

it holds the extensor tendons in place in the wrist region and prevents bowstringing of the tendons when the hand is extended at the wrist joint

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7
Q

what are synovial tendon sheaths useful for?

A

covers tendons as they pass over the dorsum of the hand

reduces friction of extensor tendons as they traverse the osseofibrous tunnels

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8
Q

what does the attachment of the extensor retinaculum to the distal radius and ulna make?

A

osseofibrous tunnels

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9
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the forearm?

A

ECRL, ECRB, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, ECU, brachioradialis

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10
Q

what are the “outcropping” muscles of the deep layer of the forearm?

A

abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus and brevis, and extensor indicis

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11
Q

what happens to the four tendons of the extensor digitorum after they pass deep to the extensor retinaculum?

A

they spread out as they run towards the fingers

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12
Q

how are tendons that run adjacent to the tendons of the extensor digitorum tendons linked to the proximal metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

adjacent tendons are linked proximally to the metacarpophalangeal joints by 3 oblique intertendonous connections.

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13
Q

what is the importance of the 3 oblique intertendonous connections?

A

they restrict independent extension of the fingers and no finger can remain fully flexed while the other ones are fully extended

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14
Q

where are extensor expansions located and what are they formed by?

A

formed by the four flattened tendons of the extensor digitorum and located on the distal ends of the metacarpals and along the phalanges

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15
Q

what is the relationship of extensor expansions to the metacarpal and phalanx?

A

each expansion is a triangular aponeurosis which wraps around the dorsum and sides of the head of the metacarpal and base of the proximal phalanx

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16
Q

what anchors the “hood” of an expansion over the head of the metacarpal?

A

the palmar ligament

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17
Q

where does the palmar ligament originate from?

A

it is a thickened portion of the fibrous layer of the joint capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint

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18
Q

what does each tendon of the extensor digitorum divide into and where do they attach?

A

a median band, passes to the base of the middle phalanx

two lateral bands, passes to the base of the distal phalanx

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19
Q

what joins up with the lateral bands of extensor expansions?

A

tendons of interosseous and lumborical muscles of the hand

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20
Q

retinacular ligament

A

runs from the proximal phalanx and fibrous distal sheath obliquely across the middle phalanx and two interphalangeal joints

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21
Q

what happens to the retinacular ligament duing flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint and what does that cause?

A

it becomes taut and the ligament pulls the proximal interphalangeal joint into flexion (same thing happens during extension of the proximal interphalageal joint)

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22
Q

boundries and contents of the snuff box:

A

this box is visible as hollow on the lateral side of the wrist when the thumb is fully extended
laterally bounded by the tendons of the APL and EPB muscles
medially bounded by the EPL
the radial artery is in the floor of the box
radial styloid process can be palpated proximally and the base of the first metacarpal can be palpated distally in the snuff box
scaphoid and trapezium can be felt on the floor of the box btwn radial styloid process and the first metacarpal

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23
Q

ligaments of the distal radio-ulnar joint:

A

anterior and posterior ligaments: extend from the radius to the ulna across the anterior and posterior surfaces of the joint

24
Q

what are the ligaments of the elbow joint?

A

collateral ligaments (radial and ulnar), and anular ligament

25
Q

boundaries of the cubital fossa:

A

superiorly: imaginary line between the medial and lateral epicondyles
medially: pronator teres
laterally: brachioradialis
floor: brachialis and supinator
roof: brachial and antibrachial fascia, bicipital aponeurosis, subcutanious tissue, and skin

26
Q

what are the contents of the cubital fossa?

A

terminal part of brachial artery and the commencement of the terminal branches (brachial artery lies between the biceps tendon and median nerve)
the radial and ulnar arteries (and deep accompanying veins of the arteries)
biceps brachii tendon
median nerve
radial nerve (dividing into superficial and deep branches)

27
Q

what ligament extends from the lateral epicondyle and blends distally with the anular ligament of the radius?

A

radial collateral ligament

28
Q

where is the ulnar collateral ligament found?

A

extends from medial epicondyle to coranoid process and olecranon of the ulna

29
Q

what is the function of the anular ligament?

A

encircles and holds the head of the radius in radial notch of the ulna
this permits pronation and supination

30
Q

what are the three bands of the ulnar collateral ligament?

A

anterior (cord-like) band: strongest band and limits extension and is slacked during flexion
posterior (fan-like) band: weakest band and can limit flexion
oblique band: deepens socket for trochlea of humerus
oblique cord: (connects the ulna and radius) runs from lateral side of ulnar tuberosity to radius, slightly below the radial tuberosity

31
Q

true or false: women have a smaller carrying angle than men.

A

false, males have a carry angle of 5-10 degrees while women have a carrying angle of 10-15 degrees

32
Q

what structures limit flexion of the pectoral girdle?

A

(flexion of sc, ac, gh, and scapulohumeral joints)

ligaments: posterior part of the coracohumeral, trapezoid, andposterior part of the joint capsule of the gh joint
muscles: rhomboids, levator scapulae, extensor and lateral rotator muscles, rotator muscles of the gh joint

33
Q

what structures limit abduction of the pectoral girdle?

A

(abduction of the sc, ac, gh, and st joints)
ligaments: middle and inferior glenohumeral, trapezoid, and the inferior part of the joint capsule of the gh joint
muscles: rhomboids, levator scapulae, adductor muscles of the gh joint
bony apposition between the greater tubercle of the humerus and the superior part of the glenoid cavity/laborum or lateral aspect of acromion

34
Q

what structures limit extension of the pectoral girdle?

A

(extension of gh joint)

ligaments: anterior part of the coracohumoral and anterior part of the joint capsule of the gh joint
muscles: clavicular head of the pectoralis major

35
Q

what structures limit medial rotation of the pectoral girdle?

A

(medial rotation of gh joint)

ligaments: posterior gh joint capsule
muscles: infraspinatus and teres minor

36
Q

what structures limit lateral rotation of the pectoral girdle?

A

(lateral rotation of the gh joint)

ligaments: gh, coracohumeral, and anterior part of gh joint capsule
muscles: latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, sbscapularis

37
Q

name each muscle of the 6 posterior compartments and which one they are found in?

A
  1. abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis
  2. extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
  3. extensor pollicis longus
  4. extensor digitorum, extensor indicis
  5. extensor digiti minimi
  6. extensor carpi ulnaris
38
Q

anatomical snuff box borders and contents:

A 
laterally bounded by the APL and EPB
medially bounded by the EPL
floor has the radial artery
contains the superficial branch of the radial nerve
Scaphoid
39
Q

cubital fossa contents and where they are positioned in relation to each other:

A

medially is the median nerve
then just lateral is the brachial artery and viens (can also see the artery split into radial and ulnar)
then lateral to that is tendon of biceps brachii
then lateral to that is the radial nerve

40
Q

where does the axillary artery end and the brachial artery begin?

A

at the inferior border of teres major

41
Q

which ligament stabilizes stress against valgus stress?

A

ulnar collateral ligament in elbow joint

42
Q

what prevents proximal displacement of the radius on the ulna?

A

interosseous membrane

43
Q

where is the joint capsule of the elbow joint weakest?

A

anterior and posteriorly

44
Q

supination has more or less degrees of rotation than pronation?

A

more - 90 degrees supination and 80-85 degrees of pronation

45
Q

supracondylar fracture:

A

when the head of the radius gets pulled out of the anular ligament

46
Q

which extensor muscles are involved in fist clenching?

A

ECRB and ECU

47
Q

when is flexion able to be the greatest for the brachioradialis muscle?

A

midpronated position

48
Q

what muscles are innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve?

A

EDM, ECU, APL, EPL, EPB, and Extensor Indicis

49
Q

which type of deviation allows for greater movement at the wrist?

A

ulnar deviation

50
Q

what muscles make up each layer of the anterior forearm?

A

superficial layer: pronator teres, FCR, palmaris longus, and FCU
intermediate layer: flexor sigitorum superficialis
deep layer: flexor digitorum profundus, FPL, and pronator quadratus

51
Q

which flexor digitorum muscle flexes the distal phalanges?

A

FDP (FDS flexes the middle phalanges)

52
Q

which anterior forearm muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A

FCU and medial part (4th and 5th fingers) of FDP

53
Q

what encloses the Carpal Tunnel?

A

the flexor retinaculum

54
Q

what passes through the carpal tunnel?

A 
tendon of flexor pollicis longus
4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
median nerve (most superficial structure)
55
Q

what will you find in Guyon’s Canal?

A

Ulnar never and artery (can be pinched at wrist elbow or neck

56
Q

where do the opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis and flexor pollicis brevis muscles all originate from?

A

flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium

57
Q

what muscle allows for flexion at the MCP joint and extension at the IP joints of 2-5 fingers which makes an appearance of a sock puppet?

A

lumbricals 1 and 2

Human Anatomy (10 decks)

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