Forearm Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
1) What are the cutaneous nerves of the forearm (anteriorly}?
A
-Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm and lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm (from
musculocutaneous)
2
Q
2) What are the cutaneous nerves of the forearm (posteriorly)?
A
- Radial nerve and its branches
3
Q
3) What is the interosseous border?
A
-Borders between the radius and ulna and has an interosseous membrane
4
Q
4) What happens when the hand is pronated with the ulna and radius?
A
-Radius crosses over the ulna
5
Q
5) How many bones of the wrist and hand are there?
A
-8 carpals, 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges
6
Q
6) What are the 8 carpals {from lateral to medial 151 row and 2nd row}?
A
-scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
7
Q
7) What does the distal end of the radius do?
A
- Articulates with the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones
8
Q
8) What does the distal end of the ulna articulate with?
A
- an articular disc that articulates with the triquetral
9
Q
9) What 4 movements can you do at the wrist?
A
- Flexion, Extension, Abduction (radial deviation}, and Adduction (ulnar deviation)
10
Q
10) What is the most common fractured carpal bone (wrist)?
A
-Scaphoid
11
Q
11) What is the most commonly dislocated carpal bone?
A
- Lunate
12
Q
12) What are the joints of the hand?
A
- metacarpophalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal, distal interphalangeal
13
Q
13) Where are the metacarpophalangel joints?
A
- in between the 5 metacarpals and phalanges
14
Q
14) Proximal interphalangeals?
A
- in between the proximal and middle phalanges (THUMB DOESN’T HAV E THIS because it doesn ‘t have a middle phalange)
15
Q
15) Distal interphalangeal?
A
In between the middle and distal phalange
16
Q
16) What nerves and veins are the superficial fascia of the arm?
A
- Cephalic vein (laterally), Basilic vein (medially) and cutaneous nerves
17
Q
17) What covers the forearm?
A
- Deep fasciae
18
Q
18) What are the compartments of the forearm?
A
- 2 compartments of the forearm .Anterior and posterior
19
Q
19) What are the compartments separated by?
A
- Radius, ulna, intermuscular septae and interosseous membrane
20
Q
20) How many muscles are in the anterior compartment and what are their actions?
A
- 8 muscles used for FLEXION
21
Q
21) How many muscles are in the posterior compartment and what are their actions?
A
- 12 muscles used for extension
22
Q
22) Where is the anterior compartment compared to the radius and ulna? What separates it from the
posterior compartment ?
A
- Above the radius and ulna. lntermuscular septae separates them .
23
Q
23) How many layers does the anterior compartment have and what are they?
A
-Superficial and deep layers
24
Q
24) What is the blood supply for the anterior compartment muscles?
A
-Ulnar artery, Radial artery and Anterior lnterosseous artery
25
25) What is the nerve supply for the anterior compartment muscles?
- Ulnar and Median nerve
26
26) Where is the posterior compartment compared to the radius and ulna?
- Below ulna and radius
27
27) How many layers in the posterior compartment?
- 2 layers in the posterior compartment. Superficial and Deep
28
28) What is the blood supply for the posterior compartment?
- Posterior interosseous artery
29
29) What is the nerve supply to the posterior compartment muscles?
-Radial nerve and its branches
30
30) What else does the posterior compartment have that the anterior compartment doesn't?
-A lateral component
31
31) What are the four muscles of the anterior compartment? What are they used for?
surface of the radius
- Pronator teres, Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris Longus, and Flexor Carpi Ulnaris. Used for FLEXION
32
32) What is the origin of the four anterior compartment muscles?
- Common tendon on the medial epicondyle of HUMERUS
33
33) Origin for pronator teres?
- a. Common tendon on medial epicondyle
| b. Medial border of the coronoid process on the ulna
34
34) Where does pronator teres insert?
- a. Inserts of the lateral
35
35) Where does the median nerve pass in respect to pronator teres?
- It passes through both heads underneath it
36
36) What is the origin for flexor carpi radialis?
- It originates from the common tendon on the medial epicondyle on the humerus
37
37) Where does it insert? .
-
On the bases of metacarpals 2 and 3
38
38) Where is the radial artery in respect to the flexor carpi radialis?
- On the lateral side
39
39) Where is the median nerve in respect to it?
-On the medial side
40
40) What muscle is next and medial?
-Palmaris longus
41
41) What is the origin for palmaris longus?
-Common tendon on medial epicondyle of humerus
42
42) Where does it insert?
-The tendon for palmaris longus inserts on the palmar aponeurosis
43
43) Where is in respect to the median nerve?
- It is anterior to the median nerve
44
44) Where is the origin for flexor carpi ulnaris?
- a. Origin is on the medial epicondyle on the humerus
| b. Origin is on medial olecranon of the ulna
45
45) What is the insertion for the flexor carpi ulnaris?
- a. It inserts on the Pisiform bone and base of metacarpal 5
46
46) Where does the ulnar nerve pass in respect to the flexor carpi ulnaris?
- It passes between the two heads at the posterior elbow
47
47) Where does the tendon pass in respect to the ulnar artery and nerve on the superficial side?
- Passes medially and superficially to the ulnar artery and nerve at the wrist
48
48) What is the intermediate layer muscle of the anterior compartment?
- Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
49
49) Where does the flexor digitorum superficialis originate?
- It originates from 3 places:
a. Medial epicondyle of humerus
b. Medial part of ulnar tuberorisity/coronoid process of ulna
c. Oblique line of radius
50
50) Where does it insert?
-It has a tendon that runs down the anterior surface of the hand and splits into two tendons to insert on the middle phalanges
51
51) The tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis go through what?
-The carpal tunnel
52
52) What are the 3 muscles of the deep layer of the anterior compartment?
-Flexor digitorum profundus, Flexor pollicis longues, and pronator quadratus
53
53) What is the origin of flexor digitorum profundus?
-a. Proxmial 2/3 of ulna and the interossesus membrane
54
54) Where does it insert?
-Has 4 tendons that leave and go through carpal tunnel and go through the middle of the split tendons from flexor digitorum superficialis tendons that are on the middle phalanges and insert on the distal phalanges of 2 to 5
55
55) What is the origin of flexor pollicis longus?
- Middle% of the radius and the interosseous membrane
56
56) What is the insertion of flexor pollicis longus?
- On the distal phalanx of the thumb
57
57) Where is the median nerve and ulnar nerve in respect to Flexor Digitorum Profundus?
-median nerve is on the lateral side and ulnar nerve is on the medial side
58
58) Where is the median nerve in respect to the flexor pollicis longus?
-On the medial side
59
59) Where is the origin of pronator quadratus?
-distal 1/" of the ulna
60
60) Where is the insertion of pronator quadratus?
-Distal end of radius (anterior surface)
61
61) What are the muscles of the anterior compartment innervated by?
- Innervated by median nerve except for 1.5 muscles
62
62) What are these muscles and what are they innervated by?
- Flexor carpi ulnarius which is innervated by the ulnar nerve and the medial half of flexor digitorum
profundus which is innervated by ulnar nerve as well.
63
63) Muscles of the posterior compartment do what action?
-Extension (except brachioradialis which does flexion and helps forearm from full pronation to mid
pronation)
64
64) What is the most lateral posterior compartment muscle?
-Brachioradialis
65
65) What is the origin of brachioradialis?
-Upper 2/3 of the lateral supracondylar ridge on humerus
66
66) Where does the brachioradialis insert?
-
Styloid process of the radius
67
67) What is the action of brachioradialis?
- Flexion of forearm at the elbow joint and allows forearm to go from full pronation to mid-pronation
68
68) What nerve innervates the brachioradialis?
Radial nerve
69
69) What is the next muscle medially?
-Extensor carpi radialis longus
70
70) What is the origin?
- Lower part of supracondylar ridge of humerus
71
71) Where does it insert?
-Posterior base of metacarpal 2
72
72) What are the actions?
- Extends and abducts the hand at the wrist
73
73) What nerve innervates the extensor carpi radialis longus?
-Radial nerve
74
74) What muscle is next medially?
-Extensor carpi radialis brevis
75
75) What is the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
- Lateral epicondyle (common tendon)
76
76) What is the insertion of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
- Base of metacarpal 3
77
77) What nerve innervates the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
- Deep branch of radial nerve
78
78) Action?
-Extends and abducts hand at the wrist
79
79) What is the next muscle?
-Extensor digitorum
80
80) Where does it originate?
-Common tendon on lateral epicondyle
81
81) Where does it insert?
- Base of middle phalanx and base of distal phalanx by an expansor hood from digits 2 to 5
82
82) Nerve supply of extensor digitorum?
-Deep branch of radial nerve
83
83) What is the next muscle?
- Extensor digiti minimi
84
84) Where does extensor digiti minimi originate from?
-Originates from the lateral epicondyle (common tendon)
85
85) Where does it insert?
- tendon inserts on the base of the little middle phalanx with an extensor hood to the distal phalanx
86
86) What is the action of extensor digitorum?
-Extend metacarpophalangeal joints and assist lumbricals and interossei in extending proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
87
87) What is the action of extensor digiti minimi?
-Extend metacarpophalangeal jo int at little finger
88
88) What is the nerve supply?
-Deep branch of radial nerve
89
89) What is the next muscle?
-Extensor carpi ulnaris
90
90) Where does extensor carpi ulnaris originate?
-2 places:
a. Lateral epicondyle of humerus
b. Posterior shaft of ulna
91
91) Where does it insert?
-Inserts on the posterior base of metacarpal 5
92
92) What is the action of extensor carpi ulnaris?
-extend and adduct hand at the wrist
93
93) Nerve innervation?
- Deep branch of radial nerve
94
94) How does the extensor hood work?
-It has a central band that attaches to the middle phalanx and then two lateral bands that attach to the
distal phalanx
95
95) Where does the anconeus originate from?
-Posterior portion of the lateral epicondyle
96
96) Where does it insert?
- Lateral surface of olecranon process of ulna
97
97) What is the action of the anconeus?
-Assist triceps in extension of elbow joint
98
98) What is the nerve supply?
-Radial nerve
99
99) What are the 5 muscles that are deep in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
- a. Supinator, b. Extensor pollicis longus, c. Extensor pollicis brevis, d. Extensor indicis, e. Abductor pollicis longus
100
100) Where does the supinator muscle originiate?
- a. posterior lateral epicondyle, b. lateral ligament of elbow joint, c. annular ligament, and d. supinator crest of the ulna
101
101) Where does the supinator muscle insert?
- The supinator muscle inserts on the neck and shaft of the radius
102
102) What is the main action of the supinator?
-The supinator assists the biceps brachii in supination of forearm
103
103) What is the nerve supply for the supinator?
-Deep branch of the radial nerve
104
104) What is below the supinator?
-Abductor pollicis longus
105
105) What is the origin of this muscle?
-Posterior middle shaft of the ulna and radius and interosseous membrane
106
106) What does it insert?
- Posterior base of the 151 metacarpal
107
107) Action of abductor pollicis longus?
- It abducts and extends the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint
108
108) Nerve innervation?
-deep branch of the radial nerve
109
109} What's below the abductor pollicis longus?
- Extensor pollicis brevis
110
11O) Where does exensor pollicis brevis originate?
-Extensor pollicis brevis originates from the posterior portion of radius and the interosseous
membrane
111
Where does extensor pollicis brevis insert?
-extensor pollicis brevis inserts on the posterior base of proximal phalanx of the thumb
112
112} What is the action?
-It extends the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb
113
113) What is the nerve supply to this muscle?
- Deep branch of the radial nerve
114
114) What muscle is medial to extensor pollicis brevis?
-Extensor pollicis longus
115
115) Where does it originate?
-It originates from the posterior ulna and interosseous membrane
116
116) Where does it insert?
-Extensor pollicis longus inserts on the distal phalanx of the thumb
117
117) What is the action of extensor pollicis longus?
l
- The action is to extend the distaphalanx of the thumb
118
118) Nerve supply?
-Deep branch of the radial nerve
119
119) Where does the extensor pollicis longus tendon pass through?
-Around the dorsal tubercle of the radius
120
120) What is the small muscle more medial to the extensor pollicis longus?
-Extensor indicis
121
121) Where does it originate from?
-It's tendon inserts on the extensor expansion hood for the index finger by fusing with the tendon of extensor digitorum
122
122) Where does it insert?
-It's tendon inserts on the extensor expansion hood for the index finger by fusing with the tendon of extensor digitorum
123
123) What is the action?
- Extends the index finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint
124
124) Nerve supply?
-deep branch of radial nerve
125
125) Out of the extensors, which extend hand at the wrist?
- a. Extensor carpi radialis longus, b. Extensor carpi radialis brevis, c. Extensor carpi ulnaris
126
126) Which extend the fingers?
- a. Extensor digitorum, b. extensor digiti minimi, c. extensor indicis
127
127) Which extend or abduct the thumb?
- a. Abductor pollicis longus, b. Extensor pollicis brevis, c. Extensor pollicis longus
128
128) What is the antebrachial fascia that is on the posterior portion of the forehand?
-Extensor retinaculum
129
129) Where does the extensor retinaculum attach?
-Distally to the radius, medially to the pisiform, triquetrium, hook and hamate and the styolid process of
the ulna
130
130) What does it form?
-It forms 6 osteofibrous canals that the extensor tendons can go through
131
131) What are the canals lined with?
-Synovial sheaths
132
132) On the radial side, what two tendons go through the first canal?
- Abductor pollicis longus and Extensor pollicis brevis
133
133) What two tendons go through the second canal?
-Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
134
134) The third canal?
-Extensor pollicis longus
135
135) 4th canal?
-Extensor digitorum and extensor indicis
136
136) 5th canal?
-Extensor digiti minimi
137
137) 5th canal?
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
138
138) What covers the floor of the carpal tunnel?
-Flexor retinaculum
139
139) What does flexor retinaculum do?
- It holds the long tendons against the carpals which provides a pulley-like mechanism
140
140) Where does it attach?
-To carpals on both lateral and medial sides
141
141) What muscle tendons go through the carpal tunnel?
- a. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, b. Flexor Digitorum Profundus, c. Flexor Pollicis Longus
142
142) What nerve?
- Median nerve
143
143) What muscle is outside of the carpal tunnel? Where is it exactly?
-Flexor Carpi Radialis is outside of the carpal tunnel but directly in the Flexor Retinaculum
144
144) What else is outside of the flexor retinaculum?/
- The ulnar artery and nerve
145
145) What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
- When there is excessive use of the tendons and they become inflamed. The inflammation and swelling of the tendons press up against the median nerve
146
146) How do you alleviate carpal tunnel syndrome?
-Cut the flexor retinaculum
147
147) As the tendons pass through the wrist what protects them?
- synovial sheaths
148
148) What kind of bursa surrounds the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis and Profundus tendons?
-An Ulnar bursa
149
149) What kind of bursa surrounds the Flexor Pollicis Longus?
- Radial Bursa
150
150) Which bursa can sometimes communicate with the bursa from flexor carpi ulnaris tendon?
-Ulnar bursa which can sometimes create problems if one is hurt or if there is an infection because it can spread throughout the whole wrist
151
151) The ulnar and radia bursa can communicate 50 percent of the time causing horseshoe abcess in the case of what?
-Tenosynovit is (infection in synovial sheath)
152
152) Two layers of the synovial sheath that wraps around the tendons?
-Visceral and Parietal
153
153) Visceral covers what? Parietal?
-Visceral covers the actual tendon. Parietal covers the inner layer of the fibrous flexor sheath
154
154) What else wraps around the digital synovial sheaths?
-Fibrous flexor sheaths that wrap around the digital synovial sheaths
155
155) What is the purpose of fibrous flexor sheaths?
- Make sure that tendons don't pull away when performing flexion
156
156) What do the flexor sheaths create?
-Osteofibrous tunnel, with annular (looped) portions (5), and 3 cruciform portions
157
157) Which are stronger?
-Annular are stronger than cruciform. "pulley"
158
158) What is the main artery that supplies blood to the forearm?
-Brachia! artery
159
159) How does it run?
- It runs down the arm and splits
160
160) Where does the brachia! artery split?
- It splits at the level of the cubital fossa into the radial artery and ulnar artery
161
161) The ulnar artery and radial artery go what ways?
- The ulnar goes medial and the radial goes laterally
162
162) What does the ulnar artery break into?
- It splits into the common interosseous artery and the recurrent ulnar that keeps going down the arm
163
163) What does the common interosseous artery split into?
- The anterior and posterior interosseous artery
164
164) When the brachia! artery splits into the radial and ulnar artery, what does the ulnar artery run between?
-Runs between FDS and FOP
165
165) Where is the ulnar artery at the level of the wrist?
-On the lateral side of FCU
166
166) In the forearm, the median nerve branches into what?
- Anterior lnterosseous Nerve
167
167) What does it pass with?
-It passes with the anterior interosseous artery
168
168) Then where does it go?
-Goes deep to run between FPL and FOP
169
169) What muscles does the anterior interosseous nerve supply?
-a. FPL, b. radial % of FOP and c. PQ
170
170) Where does the radial nerve pass?
-Supplies brachioradialis and then forms superficial and deep branches
171
171) Where does the deep branch go?
- Deep branch goes deep between two heads of the supinator muscle
172
172) What does the superficial branch do?
-Continues on stays lateral to radial artery and becomes a cutaneous nerve
173
173) The radial pulse is lateral to what tendon?
- Lateral to flexor carpi radialis tendon
174
174) Ulnar pulse?
Lateral to flexor carpi ulnaris tendon
175
175) Lymph vessels follow what vein?
-Cephalic vein
